Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Taking a Certification Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Tracking Your Certification Status . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
How to Prepare for an Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
What This Book Will Not Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
What This Book Is Designed to Do . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
About This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CCENT Official Exam Topics . . . .. . . . . 6
Chapter Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Pearson IT Certification Practice Test Engine and Questions on the CD-ROM . . . 14
Install the Software from the CD . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 14
Activate and Download the Practice Exam . . . . . . . . . . 15
Activating Other Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Contacting the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Self-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
CCENT in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
The Ideal CCENT Candidate . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Put Yourself to the Test . . . . . . . . . . 19
CHAPTER 1: Networking Fundamentals . . . . . . . 25
Essential Terms and Components . . . .. . . . . . . . 26
Topologies . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 27
Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
WAN Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . 36
What Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CHAPTER 2: Network Models . . . . . . . . 39
Cisco Hierarchical Design . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 40
Access Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Distribution Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Core Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Advantages of the Three-Layer Model . . .. . . . . 42
OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Layer 7: The Application Layer . . . . . . . . . 45
Layer 6: The Presentation Layer . . . . . . . . . 47
Layer 5: The Session Layer . . .. . . . . . . . 47
Layer 4: The Transport Layer . . . . . . . . 47
Layer 3: The Network Layer . . . .. . . . . . . 54
Layer 2: The Data Link Layer . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Layer 1: The Physical Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
TCP/IP Model . . . . . .. . . . . . . 61
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 64
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
CHAPTER 3: Concepts in IP Addressing . . . . . . . 69
Binary . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 70
Hexadecimal . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 74
Conversion Between Binary, Hex, and Decimal . . . . . . 75
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversions . . . . . . . . 75
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversions . . . .. . . . . 75
IP Address Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Address Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Public and Private IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . 78
Default Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The Network Field . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 79
The Host Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Nondefault Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
The Subnet Field . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 81
Subnetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Address Class and Default Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The Increment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Number of Hosts . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 86
The Broadcast ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Number of Subnets . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 89
Working with Subnetting Questions . . . . . . . 91
The Subnetting Chart . . . . . . . . . . . 93
VLSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Route Summarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Summarization Guidelines . . . . . .. . . . . 102
Determining Summary Addresses . . . . . . . 104
IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 110
IPv6 Address Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
IPv6 Address Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Types of IPv6 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . 114
IPv6 Address Configuration . . . . .. . . . 115
IPv6 Router Configuration . . . . . .. . . . . 116
IPv6 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
The IPv6 Header . . . . . . . .. . . . 118
IPv6 Transition Strategies . . . . . . . . . . 119
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 122
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . 128
What Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 131
CHAPTER 4: Working with Cisco Equipment. . . . . . . 133
Introducing Your Cisco Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
External Connections . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 135
Other Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Connecting and Configuring Cisco Devices . . . . . . . . 141
Device Memory Locations . . . . . . . . . 142
IOS Startup Process . . . . . . .. . . . . 142
Setup Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Configuration Register . . . . .. . . . . 144
Password Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Command-Line Modes . . . . .. . . . . 146
Command Shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Context-Sensitive Help . . . . . . . . . 149
Managing IOS Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Remote Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Secure Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Cisco Discovery Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Internet Control Message Protocol . . . . . . 156
Network Time Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Simple Network Management Protocol. . . . .. . . 158
Syslog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
NetFlow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Basic Switch Configuration . . . . . . . . . . 159
Basic Router Configuration . . . . . . . . . 160
Review Questions . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 164
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
What Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
CHAPTER 5: Securing Your Cisco Devices . . . . .. . . . . . 169
Securing Routers and Switches . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 170
Configuring Password Security . . . . . . . .. . . . 170
Configuring SSH Access to Your Router . . . . . . . . . . 174
External Authentication Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Switch Port Security . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 178
Security Best Practices for Switches . . . . .. . . . . 178
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Answers to Review Questions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 186
What Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
CHAPTER 6: Basic Switch Operations and Configuration . . . . . . 189
Bridging and Switching . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 190
Functions of Bridges and Switches . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Differences Between Switches and Bridges . . . . . . . 195
STP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 200
VLAN Concepts and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
The Definition of a VLAN . . . . . . . . . 206
Benefits of VLANs . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 206
Implementing VLANs . . . . . . . . . . 208
VLAN Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Trunking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
802.1Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Configuring Switches for Trunking . . . . . . . . . . 215
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
What Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
CHAPTER 7: Basic Routing . . . . . . 225
Routing Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
The Next Hop Concept . . . . . . . . . . 227
Connected Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Static Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Default Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Dynamic Routes . . . . . . . . . . 232
Understanding the Router Lookup Process and the IP Route Table . . .. . 235
Inter-VLAN Routing . . . . . . . . . . 242
Router on a Stick . . . . . . . . . 243
L3 Switching . . . . . . . . . . . 245
OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Characteristics . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 249
Configuring Single-Area OSPFv2. . . . . . . . 254
Configuring Single-Area OSPFv3. . . . . . . . . . . 258
Verifying and Troubleshooting OSPF. . . . . . . . 260
Verification of OSPFv3 . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 265
Answers to Review Questions . . . .. . . . . . 269
CHAPTER 8: Visualizing Data Flow Between Two Hosts on a Network . . . 271
Host-to-Host Direct Communications . . . . . . . . . 272
Host to Host Through a Switch . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Host to Host Through a Router . . . . . . . . . . 278
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
What Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
CHAPTER 9: IP Access Lists . . . . . . . 289
IP Access Lists as Packet Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Types of ACLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Configuring and Implementing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Configuring Standard ACLs . . . . . . . . . . 297
Configuring Extended ACLs . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Filtering Telnet and SSH Access . . . . . . . . . . 302
Troubleshooting and Verifying ACL Configurations. . . . .. . . . 308
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
What Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
CHAPTER 10: IP Services . . . . . 319
Network Address Translation . . .. . . . . . . . 320
NAT Terminology . . . . . . . . . . 321
Applications, Advantages, and Disadvantages of NAT . . . . . . . . . 323
Static NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Dynamic NAT . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 326
PAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Verification and Troubleshooting NAT and PAT . . . . . 330
Network Time Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Configuring an IOS Router as an NTP Client . . . . . . . 335
Verification of NTP . . . . .. . . . . . . . 336
DHCP . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 338
Configuring an IOS Router as a DHCP Client . . . . . . 338
Configuring an IOS Router as a DHCP Server . . .. . . . 339
Verification of DHCP Operation . . . . . . . . 340
Review Questions . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 343
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
CHAPTER 11: Troubleshooting . . . . 347
Troubleshoot Layer 1 Problems . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 348
Problems with the Wiring . . . . .. . . . . . . 348
Duplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Finding the Errors . . . . . . .. . . . . . 349
Verify and Troubleshoot VLANs and Port Membership . . . .. . . . 353
Troubleshooting VLANs . . . . .. . . . . . 354
Verify Trunk Configuration and Operation . . . .. . . . . . 357
Is the Link Up and Configured? . . . . . . . . . . 357
VLANs Must Exist for the Trunk to Support Them . . . . . . 357
Administrative Versus Operational . . . . . . . . . 358
Troubleshoot Problems with IP Addressing and Host Configurations . . 361
Verify Hosts Have Correct IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . 362
How to Remotely Change a Cisco IP Address . . . . . . . . 362
Making Sure That We Have a Default Gateway on Hosts . . . . . . 362
Troubleshooting NAT . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 363
Troubleshoot ACL Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
CHAPTER 12: Advanced Switching Concepts . . . . . . . 381
Spanning Tree Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Root Election . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
STP Communication with BPDUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Port Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Port Role Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
RSTP Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Understanding Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) . . . . . . . . . . 393
Setting the Spanning-Tree Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Configuring and Verifying PVST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
EtherChannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Configuring EtherChannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Verifying EtherChannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
CHAPTER 13: Advanced Router Operation . . . . . . . . . 419
Router IOS and Configuration File Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Back Up and Restore IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Advanced OSPF Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Multi-Area OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Implementing Multi-Area OSPFv2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Verifying and Troubleshooting OSPFv2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Configuring Multi-Area OSPFv3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Characteristics of EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Implementing EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
CHAPTER 14: Advanced IP Services . . . . . . . . . 457
Recognize High Availability (FHRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Hot Standby Router Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Configure and Verify Syslog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Describe SNMP v2 and v3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Utilize Netflow Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
CHAPTER 15: WAN Operation . . . .. . . . . . . 479
WAN Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Encapsulation Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Frame Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
CHAPTER 16: Advanced Troubleshooting . . . . .. . . . 505
Troubleshoot and Resolve Spanning Tree Operation Issues . . . . . . . . . 506
Troubleshoot and Resolve Routing Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Troubleshoot and Resolve OSPF Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Troubleshoot and Resolve EIGRP Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Troubleshoot and Resolve Inter-VLAN Routing Problems . . . . . . . . . 523
Troubleshoot and Resolve WAN Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Monitor NetFlow Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Troubleshoot EtherChannel Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Practice Exam 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Answer Key to Practice Exam 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Practice Exam 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Answer Key to Practice Exam 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Michael Valentine has been in the IT field for 16 years, focusing on network design and implementation. He is a Cisco Certified Systems Instructor (#31461) and specializes in Cisco Unified Communications instruction and in CCNA and CCNP courses. His accessible, humorous, and effective teaching style has demystified Cisco for hundreds of students since he began teaching in 2002. Michael has a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of British Columbia and currently holds CCNA, CCDA, CCNP, and CCNP-Voice certifications. In addition to the popular Exam Cram 2: CCNA and CCENT books, Michael co-authored the Official Certification Guide for CCNA-Voice and has contributed to and served as technical editor for the Cisco Press titles CCNP ONT Official Exam Certification Guide and CCNA Flashcards, among others. Michael has also developed courseware and lab guides for Official Cisco Curriculum courses and custom classes for individuals and corporations.
Keith Barker, CCIE No. 6783 R/S & Security, is a 27-year
veteran of the networking industry. He currently works at CBT
Nuggets. His past experience includes EDS, Blue Cross, Paramount
Pictures, and KnowledgeNET, and he has delivered CCIE-level
training for several years. As part of the original set of Cisco
VIPs for the Cisco Learning Network, he continues to give back to
the community in many ways. He is CISSP, HP, PaloAlto, Brocade, and
Juniper certified, loves to teach, and keeps many of his video
tutorials at http://www.youtube.com/keith6783. You can reach him on
Facebook at “Keith Barker Networking.”
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