Preface; Acknowledgement; 1. Introduction to Engineering Geology;
1.1 What is engineering geology?; 1.1.1 Definition and application;
1.1.2 Geology vs. civil engineering; 1.2 Importance of engineering
geology in civil engineering; 1.3 Engineering practice with rocks
and soils in ancient India; 1.3.1 Prehistoric time; 1.3.2 Early
historic time; 1.4 History of development of engineering geology in
India; 1.4.1
Concept of Mansara (Silpa Sastra) in 6th century; 1.4.2 Activity of
GSI from 19th century; 1.5 Work-activity of engineering geologists;
1.6 Forum of engineering geologists and engineers; 1.7 Recent
advancement in engineering geology; 1.8 Summary; Review
questions; 2. Rocks and Minerals with reference to Engineering
usage of rocks; 2.1 Major rock types and their origin; 2.1.1
Igneous rocks and intrusive bodies; 2.1.2 Sedimentary rocks; 2.1.3
Metamorphic rocks; 2.2 Classification, description and engineering
usage of igneous rocks; 2.2.1 General observation and a simplified
classification of igneous rocks; 2.2.2 Colour and texture of
igneous rocks; 2.2.3 Description and engineering usage of igneous
rocks; 2.3 Classification,
description and engineering usage of sedimentary rocks; 2.3.1 A
simplified classification of sedimentary rocks; 2.3.2 Texture of
sedimentary rocks and rounding of particles; 2.3.3 Description and
engineering usage of
clastic sedimentary rocks; 2.3.4 Description and engineering usage
of non-clastic sedimentary rocks; 2.4 Classification, description
and engineering usage of metamorphic rocks; 2.4.1 A simplified
classification of metamorphic rocks; 2.4.2 Fabrics of metamorphic
rocks; 2.4.3 Description and engineering usage of metamorphic
rocks; 2.5 Minerals, their origin and different characteristics;
2.5.1 The crystal forms of minerals; 2.5.2 Physical characters of
minerals; 2.5.3 Mohs scale of hardness; 2.6
Chemical composition and other characters of rock forming minerals;
2. 6.1 Classification of minerals; (i) Silicate class; (ii)
Carbonate class; (iii) Sulphate, phosphate, chromate etc. class;
(iv)
Halide class; (v) Oxide and hydroxide class; (vi) Sulphide class;
(vii) Native element class; 2.7. Rock-forming, ore-forming and gem
varieties minerals; 2.7.1 Dominant rock forming minerals; 2.7.2
Common ore forming minerals; 2.7.3 Notable precious and
semiprecious minerals; 2.8. Identification of minerals under
microscope; 2.9. Geological time-scale and unconformity between
rock formations; 2.8.1 The relative and absolute time-scale; 2.8.2
Unconformity of rock formations and its delimitation;
2.10 Field identification of common rocks with simple accessories;
2.11 Summary; Review questions; 3. Rock structures and their
Engineering significance; 3.1 Deformation mechanism of rocks;
3.1.1
Stress and strain result on brittle and ductile rocks; 3.1.2
Elastic and plastic deformation; 3.2 Folds and causes of their
formation; 3.2.1 Anatomy of folds; 3.2.2Anticline and syncline,
their symmetry and other features; 3.2.3 Principal types of folds
and their field characters; 3.3 Causes and mechanism of faults;
3.3.1 Basic terms related to a fault; 3.3.2 Illustrative
description of different types of fault; 3.3.3 Effect of faulting
in brittle and ductile rocks; 3.3.4 Clues for field
identification of faults; 3.4. Causes of Jointing and genetic types
of joints in rocks; 3.4.1 Orientation, spacing, roughness and other
features of joints; 3.4.2 Types of joints in different rock types
and
their origin; 3.4.3 Diagrammatic representation of joints; 3.5
Primary structures of sedimentary rocks and their significance; 3.6
Potential problems from rock structures in engineering
constructions; 3.6.1 Problems of fold; 3.6.2 Harmful effects of
fault; 3.6.3 Weakness of rocks due to joints, fractures and other
features; 3.7 Summary; Review questions; 4. Weathering of rocks and
its impact in engineering constructions; 4.1Types of weathering;
4.2 Mechanical weathering; 4.2.1
Thermal stress; 4.2.2 Spheroidal weathering; 4.2.3 Frost action;
4.2.4 Pressure release; 4.2.5 Slaking and haloclasty; 4.2.6 Tree
root action; 4.3 Chemical weathering; 4.3.1 Oxidation; 4.3.2
Carbonation; 4.3.3
Hydration; 4.3.4 Hydrolysis; 4.4 Biological weathering; 4.5 Effect
of weathering due to climatic condition and geologic time; 4.6
Impact of weathering in engineering constructions; 4.6.1
Engineering geological significance; 4.7 Summary; Review questions;
5. Soil formation, engineering classification and description of
Indian soils; 5.1 Geological processes responsible for formation of
soil; 5.1.1 Formation of soil from weathering and decomposition of
rocks; 5.1.2 Residual and
transported soil; 5.1.3 Erosion, transportation and deposition; 5.2
Glacial, Fluvioglacial actions; 5.2.1Features of glacial activity
and old remnants; 5.2.2 Problems of engineering construction in
glacial deposits;
5.2.3 Fluvioglacial and glacial-lacustrine deposits; 5.3 Wind
action and dunes; 5.3.1 Wind bourn deposit, loess - formation and
engineering problems; 5.4 Formation of terraces, talus and organic
deposits; 5.4.1 Glacial terrace; 5.4.2 River terrace; 5.4.3 Marine
terrace; 5.4.4 Talus deposits; 5.4.5 Organic soils including pits;
5.5 Soils derived from different depositional regimes; (i) Alluvial
soil; (ii) Glacial soil; (iii) Aeolian soil; (iv) Colluvial soil;
(v) Soil from volcanic ash; (vi)
Organic soil; 5.6 Soil classification for engineering
constructions; 5.6.1 Coarse grained soil; 5.6.2 Fine grained soil;
5.6.3 Organic soils; 5.7 Identification of different soil types;
5.7.1 Visual
observation to identify soil types; 5.7.2 Additional information of
soil for design purposes; 5. 8 Clay minerals in soil and their
engineering significance; 5.8.1 The types of clay minerals; 5.8.2
Sensitive clay, its disturbing characters and rectification; 5.9
Soils of India, their characteristics and occurrence; 5.10 Summary;
Review Questions; 6. Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics; 6.1 Soil
component and size of soil particles; 6.1.1 size fractions of
soils; 6.1.2 Structure of
soil; 6.2 Index properties of soil and their laboratory
determination; 6.2.1 Water content; 6.2.2 Specific gravity; 6.2.3
Unit weight; 6.2.4 Density; 6.2.5 Porosity; 6.2.6 Void ratio; 6.2.7
Relation between porosity and
void ration; 6.3 Consistency limits (Atterberg limits) and their
determination; 6.4 Field methods of density determination;
6.4.1Water displacement method; 6.4.2 Sand replacement method;
6.4.3 Core cutter method; 6.4.4 Rubber-Balloon method; 6.5 Size and
shape of soil particles; 6.5.1 Mechanical analysis for sieved
fractions; 6.5.2 Wet analysis (sedimentation method; 6.5.3 Size
distribution curves of soil particles; 6.5.4 Shape (angularity and
roundness) of soil particles; 6.6. Swelling clay
and its expansive characters; 6.6.1 Laboratory test fore swelling
co-efficient; 6.6.2 Measurement of expansive pressure; 6.7 Soil
permeability; 6.7.1 Flow characteristics and Darcy's law; 6.7.2
Laboratory determination of soil permeability; 6.7.3 Determination
of field permeability of soil by pumping test; 6.8 Consolidation of
soil; 6.8.1 Laboratory test of consolidation; 6.8.2 Calculation of
void ratio and coefficient of volume change; 6.9 Soil compaction;
6.9.1 Process of compaction; 6.9.2 Compression machineries and
their performance; 6.9.3 Standard and modified proctor test; 6 9.4
Proctor needle and its use; 6.10 Earth pressure and retaining
structures; 6.10.1 The retaining
structures; 6.10.2 Back-fill: materials used and drainage; 6.11
Shear stress, shear strength, and failure mechanism; 6.11.1
Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion; 6.11.2 How to draw Mohr's
circle; 6.11.3
Direct shear test; 6.11.4 Triaxial compression test; 6.115
Unconfined compression test; 6.11.6 Vane shear test; 6.12 Building
site geotechnical investigation; 6.12.1 Loads of building and
foundation exploration; 6.12.2 Design Bearing capacity for building
foundation; 6.13 Determination of bearing capacity of soil for
building site; 6.13.1Static cone penetration test; 6.13.2 Plate
load tests; 6.14 Shallow building foundations; 6.14.1 Spread
footing; 6.14.2 Mat or raft; 6.14.3 On-grade mat
foundation; 6.15 Deep foundation of building; 6.15.1 Pile
foundation; 6.15.2 Pier foundation; 6.15.3 Caisson; 6.16 Summary;
Review questions; 7. Hydrology and Geological works of rivers; 7.1
River hydrology;
7.1.1 Hydraulic parameters; 7.2 Erosional processes of a river;
7.2.1 Main forces causing erosion; 7.2.2 The factors deciding the
rate of erosion; 7.3 Depositional and transportation
characteristics of a river; 7.3.1 Manner movement of sediment load;
7.3.2 Sediment load of Indian rivers; 7.4 Work-activity of a rive
in different stages; 7.4.1Young stage river work-activity; 7.4.2
The middle or mature stage work and meandering flow; 7.4.3 Old
stage work and formation of deltas; 7.5 Characteristic
deposition of deltaic environment; 7.6 The river drainage patterns
and river-capture; 7.7 Engineering use of river deposits/alluvial
soil; 7.8 Summary; Review questions; 8. Geological works of
oceans
and coastal management; 8.1 Ocean features and divisions of ocean
floor; 8.2 The agents of ocean activity; 8.2.1 Waves:
characteristic and activity; 8.2.2 Current: types and behavior;
8.2.3 Tides: patterns and effect; 8.3 Landform created by ocean
erosion; 8.4 Some typical oceanic landforms; 8.5 Coastal landforms
of varied patterns and deposits; 8.6 Erosion of shallow coastal
land; 8.6.1 The basic aspects; 8.6.2 Harmful effect coastal
erosion; 8.6.3 Erosion of beach and
dunes; 8.6.4 Erosion of rocky coast/cliff area; 8.7 Littoral
drifts; 8.8 Coastal management; 8.8.1 Use or groins, concrete and
masonry wall, gabion and sand dunes; 8.8.2 Beach restoration; 8. 9.
A case study - Coastal
Erosion at Uppada along Kakinada Coast of Andhra Pradesh (after Pal
and Rao, 2009); 8.10 Summary; Review questions; 9. Underground
water in relation to Engineering works; 9.1 Hydrologic cycle; 9.2
Mode of occurrence and source of underground water; 9.2.1
Groundwater and vadose water; 9.2.2 Juvenile and connate water; 9.3
Configuration of water table; 9.3.1 Fluctuation of water table;
9.3.2 Perched water table; 9.4 Soil water; 9.4.1 Structural water;
9.4.2 Hydroscopic water;
9.4.3 Capillary water; 9.5 Confined and unconfined aquifers; 9.5.1
Aquifer and aquiclude; 9.5.2 Hydrologic criteria to find aquifers;
9.5.3 Artesian flow; 9.5.4 Springs and their origin; 9.6 Water
retaining and
transmitting capacity of soil and rock; 9.6.1 Porosity of soil;
9.6.2 Permeability in relation to porosity; 9.7 Groundwater
movement; 9.8 Systematic groundwater investigation; 9.8.1
Basin-wise study; 9.8.2 Groundwater in hard rock mass; 9.8.3
Groundwater maps; 9.9 Groundwater province of India; 9.10 Utility,
yield, withdrawal and artificial recharge of groundwater; 9.10.1
Uses in urban and rural areas; 9.10.2 Yield in different parts of
India; 9.10.3 Cone of depression; 9.10.4 Environmental
degradation; 9.10.5 Artificial recharge; 9.10.6 Saltwater intrusion
in groundwater; 9.11 Influence of underground water in engineering
constructions; 9.11.1 Dams and reservoirs; 9.11.2 Road pavements
and
soil slopes; 9.11.3 Groundwater problem in tunnelling; 9.11.4 Water
retaining structures; 9.12 A Case study of groundwater problem and
its solution; 9.13 Summary; Review questions; 10. Application of
Rock Mechanics in Engineering Geology; 10.1 Relevance of rock
mechanics in evaluating rock and rock mass properties; 10.2
Determination of common properties of rocks; 10.2.1 Specific
gravity; 10.2.2 Density; 10.2.3 Unit weight; 10.2.4 Porosity;
10.2.5 Absorption; 10.3 Measurement
of strength of intact rocks; 10.3.1 Rebound hammer test; 10.3.2
Point load test; 10.3.3 Uniaxial compression test; 10.3.4 Triaxial
Compression test; 10.3.5 Brazilian tests; 10.3.6 Results of common
engineering
properties; 10.4 Elastic properties of rocks; 10.5 Measurement of
stress in underground rocks; 10.5.1 Flat jack test; 10.5 2 Borehole
over-coring method of stress measurement; 10.5.3 Borehole
extensometer test for rock movement; 10.6 Estimation of rock mass
properties; 10.6.1 Rock mass classification; 10.6.2 Classification
of Terzaghi; 10.6.3 Rock Quality designation Index (RQD); 10.7 NGI
rock mass classification to estimate tunnelling quality index Q;
10.7.1The parameters used in NGI
classification with tables; 10.7.2 A practical example of using
tunnel quality index Q; 10.8 Geomechanics classification of rock
mass; 10.8.1Parameters used in Rock Mass Ratings with Tables;
10.8.2 Practical
example of use of RMR; 10.9 Geological Strength Index (GSI) for
blocky and heterogeneous rocks; 10.10 Summary; Review questions;
11. Site Investigation: Remote Sensing, Geophysical Exploration and
Drilling; 11.1 Different stages of site investigation; 11.1.1
Initial stage (Planning phase); (i) Preparation of geological map;
(ii) Dip and strike; (iii) Geological map vs. engineering geology
map; 11.1.2 Feasibility stage (Design phase); (i) Special purpose
engineering geology map;
(ii) Subsurface map/Drill hole data presentation; 11.1.3
Construction stage; 11.1.4 Post-construction stage; 11.2 Aerial
photo interpretation and satellite remote sensing; 11.2.1 Aerial
photography; 11.2.2 Application
of stereoscope; 11.2.3 Photographic elements: tone, shape and
texture; 11.2.4 Ground pattern; 11.2.5 Identification of common
rocks; 11.2.6 Identification of large rock bodies and major rock
structures; 11.2.7 Satellite remote sensing:; (i) Techniques of
producing imagery; (ii) Application of remote sensing; 11.3
Geophysical exploration; 11.3.1 Seismic survey; 11.3.2 Gravity
survey; 11.3.3 Magnetic survey; 11.3.4 Resistivity survey; 113.5
Radioactivity logging; 11.4 Sub-soil exploration and
sampling in soil; 11.4.1 Exploration in sites of engineering
structures; 11.4.2 Sampling from pit and using soil sampler with
drill rod; 11.5 Methods of subsoil investigation; 11.5.1 Pitting
and
trenching; 11.5.2 Penetration resistance; 11.5.3 Exploration by
drill holes; (i) Auger holes; (ii) Wash boring; (iii) Percussion
drilling; 11.6 Exploratory drilling in rock; 11.6.1 Importance of
rock drilling in engineering geology work; 11.6.2 Rotary drilling;
11.6.3 Spacing of drill holes; 11.6.4 Selection of bits for
drilling in boulder deposit; 11.6.5 How to improve core recovery;
11.6.6 Logging of drill cores & diagrammatic presentation; 11.7
Water pumping tests: utility and
approach; 11.8 Summary; Review questions; 12. Construction
Materials; 12.1 Principal types of construction material; 12.2
Character and usage of different types of construction material;
12.2.1 Dimension stones for
building stone, facing stone and decoration; 12.2.2 Crushed stones
for road metal, railway ballasts and rip rap; 12.2.3 Suitability of
rocks for engineering construction; 12.2.4 Aggregates for concrete;
12.2.5 Soil and clay; 12.2.6 Pozollans; 12.2.7 Fly ash (Artificial
Pozollans); 12.3 Laboratory tests of aggregates with Indian
standard specification; 12.3.1Aggregate crushing test; 12.3.2
Aggregate impact test; 12.3.3 Los Angel's abrasion test; 12.3.4
Deval attrition test; 12.3.5 Soundness test
(Sodium Sulphate test); 12.4 Materials for use as railway ballast
and road metal; 12.4.1 Rock types suitable and the desired
properties; 12.4.2 Specification of concrete aggregate by IS for
road; 12.5
Deleterious materials and alkali aggregate reaction; 12.6
Petrographic study of aggregate; 12.7 Source of construction
materials in India; 12.8 Exploration for construction materials and
selecting quarry sites; 12.9 Summary; Review questions; 13.
Treatment of rocks and soils by Grouting; 13.1 Geotechnical
considerations in grouting; 13.1.1 Relation of grouting to rock
type, structure and overburden; 13.1.2 Problem of grouting
cavities; 13.2 Different types of grouting including
their patterns; 13.2.1 Curtain grouting; 13.2.2 Consolidation
grouting; 13. 2.3 Blanket grouting; 13. 2.4 Contact growing; 13.2.5
Special purpose grouting; 13.3 Grouting equipment and packers; 13.4
Basic ingredients
of grout and admixtures; 13.4.1 Ingredient of grout; 13.4.2 Grout
mixture; 13.4.3 Chemical grout and epoxy grout with instance of
their use; 13.5 Grouting approach for various engineering
structures; 13.5.1 Grouting of concrete dam foundation; 13.5.2
Grouting Earth and Rock fill dam; 13.5.3 Grout curtain with
drainage holes; 13.5.4 Reservoir rim grouting; 13.5.5 Grouting
tunnel and Underground chamber; 13.6 Grouting plan and pattern with
Indian examples; 13.6.1 Geological approach in preparing
plan for grouting; 13.6.2 Grouting plan with typical example;
13.6.3 Statistics of foundation grouting of major Indian dams; 13.7
Effective pressure and rock mass permeability; 13.8 Treatment of
cavity
by grouting; 13.9 Efficacy of grouting; 13.10 Summary; Review
questions; 14. Dams and Spillways; 14.1 Terminology and basic
aspects of dam construction; 14.1.1 Acting forces and design
principles of dam safety; 14.1.2 The utilities of dams; 14.2 Types
of dams and their functions; 14.2.1 Concrete dams; (i) Gravity dam;
(ii) Arch dam; (iii) Buttress dam; 14.2.2 Masonry dam; 14.2.3
Rock-fill dam; 14.2.4 Earth dam; 14.2.5 Composite dam, tailing dam,
barrage and weir; 14.3 Spillways
and gates; 14.3.1 Normal spillway; 14.3.2 Pipe spillway; 14.3.3
Tunnel spillway; 14.3.4 Glory hole spillway; 14.3.5 Side channel
spillway; 14.3.6 Outlet work; 14.3.7 Gates of different types and
their functions; 14.4
Influence of geomorphology and geology in the design of a dam; 14.5
Adverse effect of fault in dam foundation and its treatment; 14.5.1
Treatment of fault by plug and its depth calculation; 14.5.2
Stresses along fault at different dispositions; 14.6 Causative
factors of dam disasters; 14.6.1Geological causes; 14.6.2 Other
causes; 14.7 Preliminary investigation and selection of a dam site;
14.8 Detailed investigation of a dam site for design purposes; 14.9
Source of building materials for
different types of dam; 14.9.1 Building materials for concrete
dams; 14.9.2 Boulders and rock fragments for masonry dams; 14.9.3
Fill material for rock fill-dams; 14.9.4 Sandy and clayey materials
for earth
dams; 14.9.5 Rip-rap for protecting dam slopes; 14.9.6 Impervious
core materials for a dam; 14.9.7 Guidelines for selecting sites for
building materials; 14.10 River diversion and construction work;
14.10.1 Method of diverting river; 14.10.2 Foundation preparation;
14.10 3 Construction approach for dams of different types; 14.11
Post-construction work; 14.12 Summary; Review questions; 15.
Reservoirs; 15.1 Creation and function of a reservoir; 15.2
Degradation of catchment and
reservoir rim areas; 15.3 Erosion of reservoir area and
sedimentation; 15.3.1 Relation of erosion with rainfall; 15.3.2
Sedimentation/siltation rate; 15.3.3 Measurement of siltation;
15.3.4 Siltation study by remote
sensing and aerial-photo study; 15.4 Reservoir capacity and
reservoir life; 15.5 Salient aspects of reservoir investigation;
15.5.1 Different possibilities of reservoir leakage; 15.5.2 Problem
from slide and resultant sedimentation; 15.5 3 Investigation for
protection of national assets; 15.6 Pump Storage scheme with case-
study; 15.6.1 The basic aspects; 15.6.2 Investigation for Pump
storage scheme; 15.6.3 Case study of Pump storage schemes; (A)
Kadampari Pump storage, Tamil Nadu; (B) Purulia
Pump storage, West Bengal; 15.7 Petrological study of suspended
silts in river water; 15.7.1 Procedure for determining hardness of
particles; 15.7.2 An example of hardness measurement of river
silt;
15.8 Reservoir related earthquakes; 15.9 Environmental impact on
creation of a reservoir; 15.9.1 The salient aspect of environmental
changes; 15.9.2 Measures to minimise adverse environmental effect;
15.10 Summary; Review questions; 16. Tunnels; 16.1 Components and
types of tunnel; 16.2 Tunnelling through rocks; 16.2.1 Rock
pressure and arching action in a tunnel; 16.2.2 Effect of bedded
rock on tunnel lining; 16.2.3 Effect of a fault traversing a
tunnel; 16.2.4 Effect of folds
on tunnel lining; 16.2.5 Rock cover and overbreaks in relation to
joints; 16.2.6 Relation of overbreaks with tunnel dimensions; 16.3
Tunnelling through soft ground; 16.3.1 Type of material, imposed
load and stability;
16.3.2 The method of soft ground tunnelling; 16.4 Geological
hazards in tunnelling; (i).Overbreaks; (ii) Spalling; (iii) Flowing
ground; (iii) Squeezing and heaving; (iv) Thermal spring; (v) Gas
flow; (vi) Seismicity; 16.5 Different stages of geotechnical works
for tunnel; 16.5.1 Selection of tunnel alignment; 16.5.2 Subsurface
exploration; 16.5.3 Construction stage work: 3-D Tunnel Logging;
16.5.4 Other geological activities of tunnel work; 16.6
Conventional methods and machineries used in
tunnelling; 16.6.1 Conventional method of tunnelling by TBM; 16.6.2
Tunnelling by Rock Header machine; 16.6.3 Shield method of tunnel
excavation; 16.7 Excavation methods of rock tunnelling and
support
system; 16.7.1 Methods of full face, top heading, side & multiple
drift; 16.7.2 Seven types of tunnel support including rock bolting;
16.8 Pressure tunnel and lining; 16.9 Rock mass quality and support
requirement; 16.9.1 Design aspects; 16.9.2 Rock load system of
Terzaghi for Tunnel support; 16.9.3 Methods of evaluating tunnel
support by Q and RMR system; 16.10 Summary; Review questions; 17.
Powerhouses; 17.1 Different types of powerhouse and generation of
hydropower;
17.1.1 Harnessing hydropower from river; 17.2 Surface powerhouse of
hydroelectric project; 17.2.1 Landform characters of a surface
power house; 17.2.2 Preliminary site investigation including air
photo study; 17.2.3 Detailed
site investigation by subsurface investigation; 17.2.4 Laboratory
testing of rocks for strength properties; 17.2.5 Large scale
foundation mapping and study of seismicity; 17.3 Instances of
geotechnical problems of surface powerhouse and remedy; (1)
Powerhouse of Ramganganga Project of Uttar Pradesh; (2) Bassi
powerhouse of Himachal Pradesh,; (3) Balimela powerhouse of
Orissa.; 17.4 Underground powerhouse of a hydroelectric project.;
17.4.1 General aspects; 17.4.2 Special considerations; 17.5
Instances of underground powerhouse problem and measures adopted;
(1) Powerhouse of Koyana project of Maharashtra,; (2) Kadamparai
powerhouse of Tamil Nadu,; (3) Powerhouse of Srisailam project of
Andhra
Pradesh.; 17.6 Thermal powerhouse; 17.6.1 Basic needs; 17.5.2 Site
investigation by mapping and subsurface drilling; 17.7 Nuclear
powerhouse; 17.7.1Guidelines of Atomic Energy Commission on site
selection; 17.7.2 Method of engineering geology investigation;
17.7.3 Problems of site selection in Himalayan area; 17.7.4 Problem
of locating an Atomic power plant in alluvium; 17.8 Summary; Review
questions; 18. Bridges; 18.1 The basics of a bridge; 18.2 Major
types of bridges and
acting forces; 18.2.1 Girder bridge; 18.2.2 Arch bridge; 18.2.3
Cantilever bridge; 18.2.4 Suspension bridge; 18.2.5 Cable stayed
bridge; 18.3 Supports and foundations of bridges; 18.3.1Abutments
and piers; 18.3.2 Well
foundation for bridges; 18.3.3 Composition of a well foundation;
18.3.4 Sinking of well to sub-soil; 18.3.5 Depth of well
foundation; 18.4 Different aspects of geotechnical investigation of
a bridge site; 18.5 Bridge sites in hilly terrains; 18.5.1 Upper
reaches; 18.5.2 Middle Reaches; 18.5.3 Lower reaches; 18.6 Bridge
sites in alluvial plains; 18.7 Bridge foundation in subsoil in
relation to scouring depth; 18.8 Construction materials for bridge;
18.9 Salient points related to bridge site
investigation; 18.10 Case study of bridges including a collapsed
bridge; (1) Aqueduct cum road-bridge in Madhya Pradesh; (2) Tikira
high level road bridge of Orissa; (3) Failure of a NH bridge over
Chambal
river in Rajasthan; (4) Foundation problem of Banas bridge in
Rajasthan; (5) Distressed railway bridge of Bhagalpur district,
Bihar; 18.11 Summary; Review questions; 19. Highways, Runways,
Canals, Power channels and Flumes; 19.1 Highways; 19.1.1 Site
investigation for highway; 19.1.2 Placement of pavement materials
and drainage; 19.1.3 Quality of aggregate materials and their
function; 19.2 Runways; 19.2.1 The plan of a runway; 19.2.2 The
investigation approach; 19.2.3 Runway
pavement; 19.2.4 Seepage problem in pavement and corrective
measures; 19.3 Canals; 19.3.1 Basic aspects; 19.3.2 Site
investigation by geological mapping and exploratory works; 19.3.3
Excavation and filling involved in
canal; 19.3.4 The design aspects of soil slope and water depth of a
canal; 19.4 Power channels; 19.4.1 Choice of construction and
selection of alignment; 19.4.2 Case study of power channel; 19.4.3
Siphon to carry water from canals and power channel; 19.5 Flumes;
19.5.1 Geological problems and remedial measures; 19.5.2 Aqueduct
for carrying water from canal/flume; 19.5.3 Summary; Review
questions; 20. Natural hazards; 20.1 Earthquake; 20.1.1 Causative
factors of earthquake;
20.1.2 Seismic waves and other earthquake related terminology;
20.1.3 How to locate an earthquake; 20.2 Earth's interior and
travel of seismic waves; 20.3 Continental drift and plate tectonics
in relation to earthquakes;
20.3.1 Main possibilities of plate movement and resultant
earthquakes; 20.3.2 Interplate earthquakes and Intraplate
earthquakes; 20.4 Volcano and its activity related to earthquake
and other effects; 20.4.1 Major types of volcano including an
active volcano of Hawaii; 20.5 Magnitude and Intensity of
earthquake; 20.5.1 Magnitude in Richter scale; 20.5.2 Seismic
intensity in Marcalli scale; 20.6 Seismic zoning and earthquake
resistant codes; 20.6.1 Seismic Zoning map of India; 20.6.2
Earthquake
resistance code for design of structure; 20.6.3 Tips and earthquake
resistant design and construction; 20.7 Reservoir induced
seismicity (RIS); 20.7.1 RIS experienced in different parts of the
world;
20.7.2 The conditions for generating RIS; 20.8 Seismotectonic
framework of India; 20.9 Geological consideration in aseismic
design; 20.10 Clues for earthquake forecasting; 20.10.1 Various
approaches including measure by GPS; 20.10.2 Earthquake disaster
mitigation; 20.11 Case study of a devastating earthquake; 20.12
Tsunami; 20.14 Meaning of tsunami, its characters and destructive
action; 20.14.1 Origin of tsunami; 20.14.2 Destructive actions of
tsunami; 20.15 The great tsunami of December, 2004
affecting Coastal India; 20.16 Coastal erosion, protection of coast
and safety against tsunami; 20.17 Summary; Review questions; 21.
Landslide evaluation and mitigation; 21.1 Hazards of
landslides;
21.2 Landslide types: classification and description; 21.2.1 Falls;
21.2.2 Topples; 21.2.3 Slides; 21.2.4 Lateral spread; 21.2.5 Flows;
21.2.6 Complex; 21.3 Causes of landslides; 21.3.1 Geological
processes; 21.3.2 Human actions; 21.3.4 Natural causes; 21.4
Investigation of areas affected by landslides and slide-prone area;
21.5 Landslide hazard zonation mapping on BIS guideline; 21.6
Landslide hazard mitigation; 21.6.1 Modification of slope geometry
and prevention of land erosion; 21.6.2
Drainage arrangement in relation to groundwater management; 21.6.3
Slope reinforcement; 21.6.4 Retaining structures; 21.6.5 Other
methods of soil stabilization; 21.7 Instances of major landslides
of India
with causes and effect; 21.8 Case study on landslides of India
happened in the recent past; 21.8.1 Landslides in different parts
of India that took place in recent pas; 21. 9 Case study of Mizoram
landslides (after Mukherje et al, 2009); 21.10 Summary; Review
questions; 22. Karstic terrain investigation; 22.1 Solubility of
limestone and formation of karst; 22.2 Surface and subsurface forms
of caverns; 22.2.1 Surface caverns: sinkholes, swallow holes;
22.2.2 Subsurface caverns:
solution channels/tunnels; 22.2.3 Stalactites and Stalagmites; 22.3
Investigation methods for evaluation of karstic condition; 22.3.1
Speleologic study; 22.3.2 Geophysical study; 22.3.3 Exploration by
drilling; 22.4
Chemical and radioactive tracer study of reservoir; 22.4.1
Investigation method using chemical tracer; 22.4.2 Radioactive
tracer study; 22.5 Construction of dams and reservoirs in karstic
limestone; 22.6 Instances of karstic limestone problems and
remedial measures; 1. Projects of India (i) Kopili, Meghalaya (ii)
Obra, Madhya Pradesh; 2. Projects in other countries of world; 22.7
Summary; Review questions; 23. Guidelines for writing Engineering
Geology report; 23.1 Objective of
engineering geology report; 23.2 Basic aspects; 23.3 Geological
inputs; 23. 4 Report for different phases of site investigation;
23.4.1 Planning phase; 23.4.2 Design phase; 23.4.3 Construction
phase; 23.5 Report for
special investigation; 23.6 In-field preparation of write-up for a
report; 23.7 Illustrative example of report writing; (A planning
stage report of Dr. J.B. Auden); 23.8 Summary; Review questions;
24. Physiography, stratigraphy and ores and minerals of India; 24.1
Physiographic features of India; 24.1.1 The Peninsular plateau;
24.1.2 The Extra-Peninsular area; 24.1.3 Indo-Gangetic plains; 24.2
The Stratigraphy of India; 24.2.1 Geological formations of India
from Archaean to
Recent; 24.3 The Archaean Complex; 24.3.1 Gneisses and Granites;
24.3.2 Precambrian sediments; 24.4 Palaeozoic Era; 24.4.1 Cambrian
System; 24.4.2 Silurian and Devonian; 24.4.3 Carboniferous and
Permian; 24.5 Gondwana
formation; 25.6 The Mesozoic Era; 25.6.1 Triassic period; 25.6.2
Jurassic period; 25.6.3 Cretaceous period; 25.7 The Tertiary rock
formations; 24.8 The Quaternary period; 24.9 Economic resources
from produces of rock formations; 24.9.1Metallic minerals; 24.9.2
Non-Metallic minerals; 24.9.3 Coal and petroleum; 24.9.4 Building
stones; 24.10 Summary; Review questions; Appendix A Geotechnical
problems of dams and their solutions; A.1 Dams founded on igneous
rocks; (1) Koyna ,
Maharashtra; (2) Ukai, Gujarat; A. 2 Dams built on sedimentary
rocks; (1) Rana Pratap Sagar, Rajasthan; (2) Srisailam, Andhra
Pradesh; A. 3 Dams founded on metamorphic rocks; (1) Idukki,
Kerala; (2) Umiam, Meghalaya; A. 4
Dams founded on heterogeneous rocks; (1) Hirakud, Orissa; (2)
Tenughat, Bihar; A. 5 Dams of Himalayan terrain; (1) Bhakra Nangal,
Punjab; (2) Ranjit Sagar, Punjab; A.6. Instances of dam failure;
(1) Tigra, Madhya Pradesh; (2) Kedarnala, Madhya Pradesh; (3)
Khadakwasla, Maharastra; Summary; Appendix B Geotechnical problems
of tunnels and their solutions; B.1 Hard rock tunnelling; (1) Umiam
Stage-I, Meghalaya; (2) Balimela, Orissa; B.2 Soft rock tunnelling;
(1) Rana Pratap
Sagar, Rajasthan; (2) Ramganga, Uttar Prades; B.3 Tunnelling in
Himalayan terrain; (1) Jaldhaka, West Bengal; (2) Banihal, J. & K;
B.4 Soft ground tunnelling; B.5 Kolkata Metro Railway Tunnel;
Summary; Appendix C Glossary;
References
Subinoy Gangopadhyay served for a period of 34 years in the
engineering geology division of Geological Survey of India advising
on geotechnical aspects for more than a hundred civil engineering
projects in India and abroad. He retired as Senior Director of this
premier Government organization. Dr Gangopadhyay is a founder
member of Indian Society of Engineering Geology and served as the
editor and Vice President of this Society. He has written nearly
150 technical
reports on geotechnical aspects of engineering projects of India
including some projects abroad where he worked as a consultant. He
has published numerous technical papers in reputed national and
international journals.
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