List of Figures xiii
List of Plates xv
List of Maps xvi
List of Tables xvii
Acknowledgements xviii
Preface xxi
1 A Concise Introduction to Human Geography 1
Chapter Learning Objectives 1
Introduction 2
Becoming Conscious of Your Geographical Imagination 2
What is Human Geography? 4
The Rise, Reign, and Faltering of Western Civilization from the
Fifteenth Century in the Making of the Modern World 6
How to Read This Book 12
Conclusion 15
Checklist of Key Ideas 16
Chapter Essay Questions 16
References 16
Guidance for Further Reading 17
2 Human Geography: A Brief History 19
Chapter Learning Objectives 19
Introduction 20
A Framework for Studying the History of Geography 20
Human Geography in the Premodern Era 22
Human Geography in the Modern Era 24
Early modern period 25
Modern period 26
Late modern period 29
Human Geography in the Postmodern Era 33
Postmodern Human Geography 33
Human Geography and Big Data 35
Conclusion 37
Checklist of Key Ideas 37
Chapter Essay Questions 38
References 39
Guidance for Further Reading 39
3 Watersheds in Human History: Humanity?s Triumph over
Nature? 41
Chapter Learning Objectives 41
Introduction 42
First Watershed: The Origins of the Human Species 43
Second Watershed: First Migrations and the Peopling of the
Planet 46
Third Watershed: The Development of Human Culture and Invention
of Settled Agriculture 49
Fourth Watershed: The Rise and Fall of Civilizations 55
Great civilizations in world history 55
Why do civilizations rise and fall? 57
Environmental History and the Rise of the West from the Tenth
Century bce 61
Conclusion 64
Checklist of Key Ideas 65
Chapter Essay Questions 66
References 66
Guidance for Further Reading 67
4 An Unequal but Changing World: Geographies of the World
Capitalist Economy 68
Chapter Learning Objectives 69
Introduction 69
An Unequal but Changing World 70
The Old International Division of Labor (OIDL):
Wallerstein?s World-Systems Analysis 72
Crises in the Core: The 1970s as a Turning Point in World
History? 78
Two Responses to Crises in the Core 81
The New International Division of Labor (NIDL) 81
The post-Fordist economy 82
Three Emerging Economic Spaces: Consolidating the Core or
Rebalancing in Favor of the Semi-periphery and Periphery? 84
World cities 84
High-technology clusters 87
The Tiger economies of Southeast Asia 88
The Future of the Ultra-periphery: The UNDP Millennium
Development Goals 91
Conclusion 94
Checklist of Key Ideas 95
Chapter Essay Questions 95
References 96
Guidance for Further Reading 96
5 The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Nation States, Empires,
and Geopolitics 98
Chapter Learning Objectives 98
Introduction 99
The Political Geography of Rule 99
The ideas of the sovereign state, nations, and nation states
99
The demise of the nation state and rise of a new era of
multilevel governance 103
Geopolitics and International Relations 107
The rise and fall of European empires 107
The European colonial (mis)adventure in Africa 113
The Cold War 118
The clash of civilizations? 124
Conclusion 129
Checklist of Key Ideas 129
Chapter Essay Questions 130
References 131
Guidance for Further Reading 131
6 The West in the Cultural Landscape: On Civilized Spaces and
Unruly Places 133
Chapter Learning Objectives 133
Introduction 134
Culture in the Rise of the West 134
A brief introduction to Western culture 134
Ferguson?s ?cultural? explanation for the rise
of the West 136
Cultural Geography and the Study of Western Culture 139
New Cultural Geography and the myth that West is best 139
The West in the cultural landscape 142
Civilizing Missions and Culture Wars: Civilized Spaces and
Unruly Places 142
Spaces of utopia and dystopia in the Western imagination 142
One-dimensional space: the West?s identikit worlds 148
The Western frontier and places beyond the pale 149
Conclusion 155
Checklist of Key Ideas 155
Chapter Essay Questions 156
References 156
Guidance for Further Reading 157
7 The Modern Rise in World Population from 1750 158
Chapter Learning Objectives 158
Introduction 159
Origins of the Demographic Transition Model 160
Stages in the Demographic Transition Model 162
Geography of Demographic Transitions 164
Demographic transitions in history 164
Demographic transitions yet to unfold 165
The Demographic Transition Model and Mortality Decline 168
Explaining mortality decline 168
Policies for improved global health 174
The Demographic Transition Model and Fertility Decline 175
Explaining fertility decline 175
Policies for lowering and increasing fertility levels 176
Demographic Transition: The Case of China from 1949 179
Conclusion 184
Checklist of Key Ideas 185
Chapter Essay Questions 185
References 186
Guidance for Further Reading 186
8 A Planet in Distress? Humanity?s War on the Earth
188
Chapter Learning Objectives 188
Introduction 189
Population Pessimists: The Earth?s Carrying Capacity,
Overshoot, and Collapse 189
Population Optimists: Population, the Ultimate Resource 197
Population Neutralists: Political Ecology, Society, and Nature
198
Climate Change: The Battleground for the Twenty-First Century?
205
Conclusion 211
Checklist of Key Ideas 211
Chapter Essay Questions 212
References 212
Guidance for Further Reading 213
9 Homo Urbanus: Urbanization and Urban Form from 1800
215
Chapter Learning Objectives 216
Introduction 216
Capitalism and the Urbanization of the Surface of the Earth
217
Urbanization and Urban Form: The Nineteenth- and
Twentieth-Century Industrial City 218
This rise of homo urbanus in Europe from 1800 218
Capitalism and the emergence of the industrial city 219
Modeling the form of the industrial city 220
Voices of Decline: the death of the industrial city? 222
Toward a New Era of Planetary Urbanization 225
Urbanization trends 1950?2050 226
Los Angeles: our postmetropolis future? 228
Megalopolis: the rise of urban galaxies? 230
Planet of slums: megacities in the Global South 232
The Chinese Experience of Urbanization 233
Conclusion 236
Checklist of Key Ideas 237
Chapter Essay Questions 237
References 238
Guidance for Further Reading 238
10 Global Migration: Moving, Settling, Staying Connected
240
Chapter Learning Objectives 240
Introduction 241
Great Diasporas in Human History 241
International Migration Today 244
Global South to Global South 247
Global South to Global North 247
Global North to Global North 250
Global North to Global South 250
Assimilating and Integrating into Host Societies 251
The Impacts of Migration on Sending States and Host Countries
258
Conclusion 262
Checklist of Key Ideas 263
Chapter Essay Questions 263
References 264
Guidance for Further Reading 264
11 At Risk: Society and Natural Hazards 266
Chapter Learning Objectives 266
Introduction 267
Gilbert White: Pioneering Human Geographical Interest in
Natural
Hazards 268
There is Nothing Natural about Natural Disasters: Risk =
Exposure × Vulnerability (R = E × V) 270
Mapping the World at Risk 273
Toward a Safer Future: Resilience, Transition, and
Transformation 276
Hazards and their impacts 1900?2011 276
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005?2015 283
Conclusion 289
Checklist of Key Ideas 289
Chapter Essay Questions 290
References 290
Guidance for Further Reading 291
12 Toward a Postcolonial Human Geography 292
Chapter Learning Objectives 292
Introduction 293
Explanation in Human Geography: Four Stories of the West and
the
World 294
Toward a Postcolonial Human Geography 297
Conclusion 299
Checklist of Key Ideas 300
Chapter Essay Questions 300
References 300
Guidance for Further Reading 301
Glossary 302
List of Abbreviations 312
Index 314
Mark Boyle is Professor of Geography and Director of theNational Institute for Regional and Spatial Analyses (NIRSA) at theNational University of Ireland Maynooth. He has taught introductoryand advanced courses in Human Geography for more than twenty years.He has also researched and published widely in the fields ofmigration, diaspora and development, and spatial planning and urbanand regional development.
“Overall, Boyle provides a concise and strongly organized book for
the introductory university student. His many years of teaching and
learning the subject are demonstrated in this book being
accessible, engaging, and insightful. While it emphasizes the
Western perspective (Boyle argues his rationale on p. xxiii), any
teacher needing just such a concise foundational text would do well
to consider this one.” (The Canadian Geographer, Le Géographe
canadien, 1 October 2015)
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