Table of Contents

(Bulleted items represent a chapter-by-chapter sampling of new content.)

1. Introduction

2. The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals
*New Box: When Good Retina Goes Bad
*New section on recent technologies for restoring sight to the blind

3. Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes
*New Box: The Girl Who Almost Couldn't See Stripes
*Expanded discussion of fMRI and recent advances in image reconstruction

4. Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
*New Box: Material Perception: The Everyday Problem of Knowing What It Is Made Of
*Revised discussion of extrastriate areas in human visual cortex
*New section on material perception

5. The Perception of Color
*New Box: Picking Colors
*Expanded discussion of the role of melanopsin-containing ganglion cells and their role in circadian rhythms
*Updated section on color processing in the cortex
*New section on the inverted qualia problem (Philosophy)
*Updated section on basic color terms

6. Space Perception and Binocular Vision
*New Box: Recovering Stereo Vision
*New material about recovering binocular stereo vision in adulthood
*Expanded discussion of linear perspective in art history
*New discussion of the physiology of depth cues other than stereo and the physiology of depth cues combination

7. Attention and Scene Perception
*New Box: Selective Attention and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
*Added section on ADHD and visual attention
*New coverage of endogenous and exogenous cues and of inhibition of return
*Expanded discusson of "synchrony" as a neural effect of attention

8. Motion Perception
*New Box: The Man Who Couldn't See Motion
*New coverage of the role of micro saccades in vision
*An update on "Updating the Neural Mechanisms for Eye Movement Compensation"

9. Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics
*New Box: Electronic Ears
*Expanded coverage of hearing loss
*Updated figures to improve consistency with other chapters
*New material on the function of outer hair cells
*New section on hidden hearing loss

10. Hearing in the Environment
*New Box: Auditory Color Constancy
*New material about aging and auditory localization, and perceptual constancy for loudness
*New section on auditory attention

11. Music and Speech Perception
*New Box: Music and Emotion
*New content on perfect pitch
*New prose and figure added to improve coverage between Chapters 9 and 11

12. The Vestibular System and our Sense of Equilibrium
*New Box: Evolution and Equilibrium
*New Box: Amusement Park Rides: Vestibular Physics Is Fun
*Redefined "equilibrium" and retitled chapter accordingly
*New section on Vestibular Contributions to Equilibrium
*New section on active vestibular sensing

13. Touch
*New Box: Haptic Virtual Environments
*Expanded discussion of the types of neural fibers in relation to different sense qualities: mechanical interaction, thermal change, pleasant touch, and pain
*Expanded coverage of pleasant touch, including cortical pathways relating it to emotional systems and placebo effects
*New material on the role of the spinal cord in processing haptic signals before they ascend to the brain
*New information about body image
*New section on individual differences in tactile sensitivity, including experiential and genetic contributions

14. Olfaction
*New Box: Anosmia
*New Box: Odor-Evoked Memory and the Truth behind Aromatherapy
*New discussion of humans' capacity to smell over a trillion different odors (i.e., an infinite number), formally believed to be in the tens of thousands to one-hundred-thousand range
*New research and discussion on the effects of alcohol and marijuana on olfactory sensitivity
*New coverage of the discovery of "olfactory white" (potentially the odor version of white noise or the color white)
*New research on the connection between language and olfaction
*New information on how olfaction changes with age

15. Taste
*New Box: Volatile-Enhanced Taste: A New Way to Safely Alter Flavors
*Added material on volatile-enhanced taste and the quest for a better-tasting tomato
*Expanded discussion of the "omnivore's dilemma" : how we are able to avoid poisons and choose safe foods
*Added material on within-taste bud processing


Glossary
References
Photo Credits
Index

About the Author

Jeremy M. Wolfe is Professor of Ophthalmology & Radiology at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Wolfe was trained as a vision researcher/experimental psychologist and remains one today. His early work includes papers on binocular vision, adaptation, and accommodation. The bulk of his recent work has dealt with visual search and visual attention in the lab and in real world settings such as airport security and cancer screening. He taught
Introductory Psychology for over twenty-five years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he won the Baker Memorial Prize for undergraduate teaching in 1989. He directs the Visual Attention Lab and the Center for Advanced
Medical Imaging of Brigham & Women's Hospital.

Keith R. Kluender is Professor and Head of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences and Professor of Psychological Sciences at Purdue University. His research encompasses: how people hear complex sounds such as speech; how experience shapes the way we hear; how what we hear guides our actions and communication; clinical problems of hearing impairment or language delay; and practical concerns about computer speech recognition and hearing aid design. Dr. Kluender is deeply
committed to teaching, and has taught a wide array of courses: philosophical, psychological, and physiological.

Dennis M. Levi has taught at the University of California, Berkeley since 2001. He is Professor in the School of Optometry and Professor at the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. In the lab, Dr. Levi and colleagues use psychophysics, computational modeling, and brain imaging (fMRI) to study the neural mechanisms of normal pattern vision in humans, and to learn how they are degraded by abnormal visual experience (amblyopia).

Linda M. Bartoshuk is Bushnell Professor, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Florida. Her research on taste has opened up broad new avenues for further study, establishing the impact of both genetic and pathological variation in taste on food preferences, diet, and health. She discovered that taste normally inhibits other oral sensations such that damage to taste leads to unexpected consequences like weight gain and intensified oral pain. Most
recently, working with colleagues in Horticulture, her group found that a considerable amount of the sweetness in fruit is actually produced by interactions between taste and olfaction in the brain. This may lead to a
new way to reduce sugar in foods and beverages.

Rachel S. Herz is Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at Brown University and Part-time Faculty in the Psychology Department at Boston College. Her research focuses on a number of facets of olfactory cognition and perception and on emotion, memory, and motivated behavior. Using an experimental approach grounded in evolutionary theory and incorporating both cognitive-behavioral and neuropsychological techniques, Dr. Herz aims to
understand how biological mechanisms and cognitive processes interact to influence perception, cognition, and behavior.

Roberta L. Klatzky is the Charles J. Queenan Jr. Professor of Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University, where she also holds faculty appointments in the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and the Human-Computer Interaction Institute. She has done extensive research on haptic and visual object recognition, space perception and spatial thinking, and motor performance. Her work has application to haptic interfaces, navigation aids for the blind, image-guided surgery,
teleoperation, and virtual environments.

Susan J. Lederman is Professor Emerita of Psychology at Queen's University, with cross-appointments in the Centre for Neuroscience and in the School of Computing. Her research interests span both perception and cognition, with particular emphases on psychophysics, haptic perception and recognition of objects and their underlying neural processes and representations, multisensory perception, and sensory-guided motor control. She has applied the results of her research to a
number of real-world problems, including the design of haptic and multisensory interfaces for virtual environments and teleoperation.

Daniel M. Merfeld is a Professor of Otology and Laryngology at the Harvard Medical School with appointments at the Harvard-MIT Health, Science, and Technology program and the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science. He is also the Director of the Jenks Vestibular Physiology Laboratory at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. Much of his research career has been spent studying how the brain combines information from multiple sources, with a specific focus on how the
brain processes ambiguous sensory information from the vestibular system in the presence of noise. Translational work includes research developing new methods to help diagnose patients experiencing vestibular symptoms
and research developing vestibular implants for patients who have severe problems with their vestibular labyrinth.