Preface xxiv
PART I: OVERVIEW
Chapter 1: Cellular Networks: Concepts and
Evolution 2
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks 2
1.2 Cellular Network Concepts 4
Cellular Organization
4
Network System Elements
10
Operation of Cellular
Systems 11
1.3 First Generation (1G) 14
1.4 Second Generation (2G) 15
Time-Division Multiple
Access 16
GSM Architecture 17
Radio Link Aspects
20
1.5 Third Generation (3G) 20
Code-Division Multiple
Access 21
3G Architecture 21
1.6 Fourth Generation (4G) 24
E-UTRAN 26
LTE-Advanced Transmission
Characteristics 29
Evolved Packet Core
33
1.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 34
Key Terms 34
Review Questions 35
Chapter 2: 5G Standards and
Specifications 36
2.1 ITU-R and IMT-2020 37
International Mobile
Telecommunications 38
Capabilities 38
Usage Scenarios 41
Use Cases 43
Evaluation 46
2.2 ITU-T and IMT-2020 57
Requirements 57
Network Slicing 59
Fixed Mobile Convergence
61
IMT-2020 Core Network
Framework 62
2.3 3GPP 65
3GPP Releases 69
Detailed Requirements
70
2.4 Key Terms and Review Questions 72
Key Terms 72
Review Questions 73
2.5 References and Documents 74
References 74
Documents 74
Chapter 3: Overview of 5G Use Cases and
Architecture 76
3.1 5G Use Cases 77
ITU-R 77
5G Americas 77
NGMA Alliance 79
3.2 NGMN 5G Architecture Framework 81
Layered Functionality
82
Network Slicing 85
3.3 3GPP 5G Architecture 87
5G Core Network
Architecture 87
Radio Access Network
Architecture 94
Session Establishment
97
3.4 Key Terms and Review Questions 98
Key Terms 98
Review Questions 99
3.5 References and Documents 99
References 99
Documents 100
PART II: USE CASES AND APPLICATIONS
Chapter 4: Enhanced Mobile Broadband
102
4.1 eMBB Deployment Scenarios 103
Indoor Hotspot 104
Dense Urban 105
Rural 105
4.2 eMBB Performance Characteristics
105
Data Rate Requirements
106
Spectral Efficiency
Requirements 107
Latency Requirements
108
Mobility Requirements
108
System Requirements
109
4.3 Smart Office: An Indoor Hotspot Use
Case 110
4.4 Dense Urban Information Society: A Dense Urban Use
Case 111
4.5 Radiocommunication Systems Between Train and Trackside: A Rural
eMBB Use Case 113
Elements of RSTT 114
Applications of RSTT
114
Broadband Connectivity for
Passengers 116
Linear Cell Architecture
117
4.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 118
Key Terms 118
Review Questions 118
4.7 References and Documents 119
References 119
Documents 119
Chapter 5: Massive Machine Type
Communications 122
5.1 mMTC Performance Requirements 123
5.2 The Internet of Things 124
The Scope of the Internet of
Things 125
Things on the Internet of
Things 128
Components of IoT-Enabled
Things 128
Constrained Devices
129
IoT and Cloud Context
130
5.3 Relationship Between mMTC and the IoT
133
5.4 Relationship Between mMTC and NB-IoT and
eMTC 135
Comparison of NB-IoT and
eMTC 135
Low-Power Wide Area
(LPWA) 136
5.5 Smart Agriculture 138
Model of IoT Deployment
138
Use Cases 140
Precision Crop
Management 145
Network Performance
Requirements 150
5.6 Smart Cities 150
Smart City Use Cases
151
ICT Architecture for Smart
Cities 158
Network Performance
Requirements 160
5.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 162
Key Terms 162
Review Questions 163
5.8 References and Documents 163
References 163
Documents 164
Chapter 6: Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency
Communications 166
6.1 URLLC Performance Requirements 167
Latency 168
Mobility 169
Reliability 170
NGMN Definitions 170
6.2 URLLC Use Cases in Emerging Mission-Critical
Applications 171
Industrial Automation
171
Ground Vehicles, Drones, and
Robots 171
Tactile Interaction
171
Augmented Reality and Virtual
Reality 172
Emergencies, Disasters, and Public
Safety 176
Urgent Healthcare
176
Intelligent
Transportation 177
6.3 URLLC Applications Based on Performance
Requirements 178
Higher Reliability and Lower
Latency 179
Higher Reliability, Higher Availability, and
Lower Latency 180
Very Low Latency 181
Higher Accuracy
Positioning 181
Higher Availability
181
Mission-Critical
Services 182
6.4 Industry 4.0 182
Factory Automation
Architecture 183
Application Areas
185
Use Cases 187
Performance Requirements
189
6.5 Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic
Management 191
UTM Architecture 192
5G Performance Requirements for
UTM 194
6.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 197
Key Terms 197
Review Questions 198
6.7 References and Documents 199
References 199
Documents 199
PART III: 5G NEXTGEN CORE NETWORK
Chapter 7: Software-Defined
Networking 202
7.1 Evolving Network Requirements 203
7.2 The SDN Approach 204
Modern Network
Requirements 204
SDN Architecture 204
Characteristics of Software-Defined
Networking 207
7.3 SDN Data Plane 207
Data Plane Functions
207
Data Plane Protocols
209
7.4 OpenFlow 209
Flow Table Structure
211
Flow Table Pipeline
214
The Use of Multiple
Tables 216
Group Table 217
OpenFlow Protocol
217
7.5 SDN Control Plane 218
Control Plane Functions
218
Southbound Interface
220
Northbound Interface
220
Eastbound Interface
223
Westbound Interface
224
7.6 SDN Application Plane 225
Application Plane
Architecture 225
Northbound Interface
226
Network Services Abstraction
Layer 226
Network Applications
226
User Interface 230
7.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 230
Key Terms 230
Review Questions 231
7.8 References and Documents 231
References 231
Documents 232
Chapter 8: Network Functions
Virtualization 234
8.1 Background and Motivation for NFV
235
8.2 Virtual Machines and Containers 236
Hypervisor 236
Architectural Approaches
238
Container Virtualization
241
8.3 NFV Concepts 242
Simple Example of the Use of
NFV 245
NFV Principles 246
High-Level NFV Framework
246
8.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements 248
NFV Benefits 248
NFV Requirements 249
8.5 NFV Reference Architecture 250
NFV Management and
Orchestration 251
Reference Points 251
8.6 NFV Infrastructure 252
Container Interface
253
Deployment of NFVI
Containers 256
Logical Structure of NFVI
Domains 257
Compute Domain 258
Hypervisor Domain
260
Infrastructure Network
Domain 261
8.7 Virtualized Network Functions 263
VNF Interfaces 263
VNFC-to-VNFC
Communication 264
VNF Scaling 266
8.8 SDN and NFV 267
8.9 Key Terms and Review Questions 269
Key Terms 269
Review Questions 270
8.10 References and Documents 271
References 271
Documents 271
Chapter 9: Core Network Functionality, QoS, and Network
Slicing 272
9.1 Core Network Requirements 273
Network Operational
Requirements 273
Basic Network
Requirements 275
9.2 Core Network Functional Architecture
279
Tunneling 281
PDU Session
Establishment 283
Policy Control Function
287
9.3 Quality of Service 291
QoS Capabilities 291
QoS Architectural
Framework 294
QoS Classification, Marking, and
Differentiation 297
3GPP QoS Architecture
298
QoS Parameters 299
QoS Characteristics
301
Standardized 5QI-to-QoS Characteristic
Mapping 303
9.4 Network Slicing 307
Network Slicing Concepts
308
Requirements for Network
Slicing 310
Identifying and Selecting a Network
Slice 312
Functional Aspects of Network
Slicing 313
Generic Slice Template
314
9.5 SDN and NFV Support for 5G 315
9.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 319
Key Terms 319
Review Questions 319
9.7 References and Documents 320
References 320
Documents 320
Chapter 10: Multi-Access Edge
Computing 322
10.1 MEC and 5G 323
10.2 MEC Architectural Concepts 324
10.3 ETSI MEC Architecture 327
Design Principles
328
MEC System Reference
Architecture 329
Related Elements 332
10.4 MEC in NFV 333
MEC Components Implemented as
VNFs 333
MEC Components Replaced by NFV
Components 335
MEC System-Level
Components 335
10.5 MEC Support for Network Slicing
335
10.6 MEC Use Cases 336
Consumer-Oriented
Services 337
Operator and Third-Party
Services 342
Network Performance and QoS
Improvements 344
10.7 3GPP Architecture for Enabling Edge
Applications 349
EDGEAPP Functional
Architecture 350
Synergized Mobile Edge Cloud
Architecture 352
10.8 Key Terms and Review Questions 353
Key Terms 353
Review Questions 353
10.9 References and Documents 354
References 354
Documents 355
PART IV: 5G NR AIR INTERFACE AND RADIO ACCESS NETWORK
Chapter 11: Wireless Transmission
356
11.1 Channel Capacity 357
Nyquist Bandwidth
357
Shannon Capacity Formula
358
11.2 Line-of-Sight Transmission 361
Refraction 362
Optical and Radio Line of
Sight 363
11.3 Line-of-Sight Transmission Impairments
364
Attenuation 364
Free Space Loss 365
Path Loss Exponent in Practical Cellular
Systems 368
Noise 369
The Expression Eb/N0
372
Atmospheric Absorption
374
Multipath 375
Refraction 376
11.4 Fading in the Mobile Environment
376
Multipath Propagation
376
The Effects of Multipath
Propagation 377
Types of Fading 378
The Fading Channel
379
11.5 Millimeter Wave Transmission for 5G
381
Propagation Impairments
381
Implications for 5G
385
11.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 387
Key Terms 387
Review Questions 388
11.7 References 389
ANNEX 11A: Decibels and Signal Strength
389
Chapter 12: Antennas 394
12.1 Channel Correction Mechanisms 394
Adaptive Equalization
395
Diversity Techniques
396
Adaptive Modulation and
Coding 398
Forward Error Correction
398
12.2 Introduction to Antennas 399
Radiation Patterns
399
Antenna Types 401
Antenna Gain 406
12.3 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Antennas 407
MIMO Principles 408
Multiple-User MIMO
410
12.4 Advanced Cellular Antennas 411
Evolution of Cellular
Antennas 411
Beamforming 412
Active Antenna Systems
416
Massive MIMO 417
12.5 Key Terms and Review Questions 420
Key Terms 420
Review Questions 421
12.6 References 422
Chapter 13: Air Interface Physical
Layer 424
13.1 Modulation Schemes 424
Modulation 425
Amplitude-Shift Keying
425
Frequency-Shift Keying
426
Phase-Shift Keying
426
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation 433
pi/2-BPSK 437
13.2 OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA 438
Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing 438
OFDM Implementation
441
Difficulties of OFDM
444
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple
Access 445
Single-Carrier FDMA
446
13.3 Waveforms and Numerologies 448
Numerology 448
CP-OFDM 449
DFT-S-OFDM 450
13.4 Key Terms and Review Questions 451
Key Terms 451
Review Questions 452
13.5 References and Documents 453
References 453
Documents 453
ANNEX 13A: Multiplexing and Multiple Access
453
Multiplexing 453
Multiple Access 455
Chapter 14: Air Interface Channel
Coding 456
14.1 Transmission Errors 457
Error Burst 457
Data Transmission
Channels 458
14.2 Forward Error Correction 460
Block Error Correction
460
Hamming Distance 462
14.3 Parity-Check Matrix Codes 466
Encoding 469
Error Detection 470
Error Correction 470
14.4 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 471
Code Construction
472
Error Correction 473
Encoding 476
14.5 Polar Coding 476
Polar Encoder 477
Synthetic Channels
479
Decoding 483
14.6 3GPP Channel Coding Specification
484
Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check
Codes 485
Polar Coding with CRC
486
14.7 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
488
14.8 Key Terms and Review Questions 490
Key Terms 490
Review Questions 490
14.9 References and Documents 491
References 491
Documents 492
Chapter 15: 5G Radio Access
Network 494
15.1 Overall RAN Architecture 494
15.2 RAN–Core Functional Split 499
RAN Functional Areas
500
Core Functional Areas
501
15.3 RAN Channel Structure 502
Logical Channel 503
Transport Channels
503
Physical Channels
504
15.4 RAN Protocol Architecture 505
Air Interface Protocol
Architecture 505
Channel Structure
508
RAN–Core Network Interface Protocol
Architecture 509
Xn Interface Protocol
Architecture 511
15.5 NG RAN Transport Network 512
15.6 Integrated Access and Backhaul 517
IAB Architecture 519
Parent/Child
Relationship 520
IAB Protocol
Architecture 520
15.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 523
Key Terms 523
Review Questions 524
15.8 References and Documents 525
References 525
Documents 525
PART V: APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Review Questions and
Solutions 528
Appendix B: Glossary 594
Appendix C: Acronyms 604
Index 608
Dr. William Stallings has made a unique contribution to
understanding the broad sweep of technical developments in computer
security, computer networking, and computer architecture. He has
authored 20 textbooks, and, counting revised editions, more than 75
books on various aspects of these subjects. His writings have
appeared in numerous ACM and IEEE publications, including the
Proceedings of the IEEE and ACM Computing Reviews. He has 13 times
received the award for the best computer science textbook of the
year from the Text and Academic Authors Association.
In over 30 years in the field, he has been a technical contributor,
a technical manager, and an executive with several high-technology
firms. He has designed and implemented both TCP/IP-based and
OSIbased protocol suites on a variety of computers and operating
systems, ranging from microcomputers to mainframes. Currently he is
an independent consultant whose clients have included computer and
networking manufacturers and customers, software development firms,
and leading-edge government research institutions.
He created and maintains the Computer Science Student Resource Site
at ComputerScienceStudent.com. This site provides documents and
links on a variety of subjects of general interest to computer
science students (and professionals). He is a member of the
editorial board of Cryptologia, a scholarly journal devoted to all
aspects of cryptology.
Dr. Stallings holds a PhD from M.I.T. in computer science and a
B.S. from Notre Dame in electrical engineering.
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