Table of Contents

CHAPTER 0: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1

Section 0.1: Numbering and coding systems 2

Section 0.2: Digital primer 9

Section 0.3: Inside the computer 13

CHAPTER 1: THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS 23

Section 1.1: Microcontrollers and embedded processors 24

Section 1.2: Overview of the 8051 family 28

CHAPTER 2: 8051 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING 37

Section 2.1: Inside the 8051 38

Section 2.2: Introduction to 8051 Assembly programming 41

Section 2.3: Assembling and running an 8051 program 44

Section 2.4: The program counter and ROM space in the 8051 46

Section 2.5: 8051 data types and directives 49

Section 2.6: 8051 flag bits and the PSW register 52

Section 2.7: 8051 register banks and stack 55

CHAPTER 3: JUMP, LOOP, AND CALL INSTRUCTIONS 69

Section 3.1: Loop and jump instructions 70

Section 3.2: Call instructions 75

Section 3.3: Time delay for various 8051 chips 80

CHAPTER 4: I/OPORTPROGRAMMING 93

Section 4.1: 8051 I/O programming 94

Section 4.2: I/O bit manipulation programming 100

CHAPTER 5: 8051 ADDRESSING MODES 109

Section 5.1: Immediate and register addressing modes 110

Section 5.2: Accessing memory using various addressing modes 112

Section 5.3: Bit addresses for I/O and RAM 122

Section 5.4: Extra 128-byte on-chip RAM in 8052 131

CHAPTER 6: ARITHMETIC & LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS

AND PROGRAMS 139

Section 6.1: Arithmetic instructions 140

Section 6.2: Signed number concepts and arithmetic operations 150

Section 6.3: Logic and compare instructions 155

Section 6.4: Rotate instruction and data serialization 161

Section 6.5: BCD, ASCII, and other application programs 167

CHAPTER 7: 8051 PROGRAMMING IN C 181

Section 7.1: Data types and time delay in 8051 C 182

Section 7.2: I/O programming in 8051 C 188

Section 7.3: Logic operations in 8051 C 194

Section 7.4: Data conversion programs in 8051 C 199

Section 7.5: Accessing code ROM space in 8051 C 204

Section 7.6: Data serialization using 8051 C 209

CHAPTER 8: 8051 HARDWARE CONNECTION AND

INTEL HEX FILE 217

Section 8.1: Pin description of the 8051 218

Section 8.2: Design and test of DS89C4x0 trainer 224

Section 8.3: Explaining the Intel hex file 232

CHAPTER 9: 8051 TIMER PROGRAMMING

IN ASSEMBLY AND C 239

Section 9.1: Programming 8051 timers 240

Section 9.2: Counter programming 255

Section 9.3: Programming timers 0 and 1 in 8051 C 260

CHAPTER 10: 8051 SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING

IN ASSEMBLY AND C 277

Section 10.1: Basics of serial communication 278

Section 10.2: 8051 connection to RS232 285

Section 10.3: 8051 serial port programming in Assembly 287

Section 10.4: Programming the second serial port 300

Section 10.5: Serial port programming in C 306

CHAPTER 11: INTERRUPTS PROGRAMMING

IN ASSEMBLY AND C 317

Section 11.1: 8051 interrupts 318

Section 11.2: Programming timer interrupts 322

Section 11.3: Programming external hardware interrupts 326

Section 11.4: Programming the serial communication interrupt 333

Section 11.5: Interrupt priority in the 8051/52 337

Section 11.6: Interrupt programming in C 340

CHAPTER 12: LCD AND KEYBOARD INTERFACING 351

Section 12.1: LCD interfacing 352

Section 12.2: Keyboard interfacing 363

CHAPTER 13: ADC, DAC, AND SENSOR INTERFACING 373

Section 13.1: Parallel and serial ADC 374

Section 13.2: DAC interfacing 398

Section 13.3: Sensor interfacing and signal conditioning 403

CHAPTER 14: 8051 INTERFACING TO EXTERNAL MEMORY 411

Section 14.1: Semiconductor memory 412

Section 14.2: Memory address decoding 422

Section 14.3: 8031/51 interfacing with external ROM 425

Section 14.4: 8051 data memory space 430

Section 14.5: Accessing external data memory in 8051 C 440

CHAPTER 15: 8051 INTERFACING WITH THE 8255 449

Section 15.1: Programming the 8255 450

Section 15.2: 8255 interfacing 458

Section 15.3: 8051 C programming for the 8255 462

CHAPTER 16: DS12887 RTC INTERFACING

AND PROGRAMMING 467

Section 16.1: DS12887 RTC interfacing 468

Section 16.2: DS12887 RTC programming in C 476

Section 16.3: Alarm, SQW, and IRQ features of the

DS12887 chip 479

CHAPTER 17: MOTOR CONTROL: RELAY, PWM, DC,

AND STEPPER MOTORS 491

Section 17.1: Relays and optoisolators 492

Section 17.2: Stepper motor interfacing 498

Section 17.3: DC motor interfacing and PWM 507

APPENDIX A: 8051 INSTRUCTIONS, TIMING, AND REGISTERS 523

APPENDIX B: BASICS OF WIRE WRAPPING 563

APPENDIX C: IC TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES 567

APPENDIX D: FLOWCHARTS AND PSEUDOCODE 587

APPENDIX E: 8051 PRIMER FOR X86 PROGRAMMERS 592

APPENDIX F: ASCII CODES 593

APPENDIX G: ASSEMBLERS, DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES,

AND SUPPLIERS 594

APPENDIX H: DATA SHEETS 596

INDEX 617

About the Author

Muhammad Ali Mazidi went to Tabriz University and holds Master’s degrees from both Southern Methodist University and the University of Texas at Dallas. He is currently a.b.d. on his Ph.D. in the Electrical Engineering Department of Southern Methodist University. He is co-author of a widely used textbook, The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers, also available from Prentice Hall. He teaches microprocessor-based system design at DeVry University in Dallas, Texas.

Janice Gillispie Mazidi has a Master of Science degree in Computer Science from the University of North Texas. She has several years of experience as a software engineer in Dallas. She has been chief technical writer and production manager, and was responsible for software development and testing of a widely used textbook, The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers, also available from Prentice Hall.

Rolin McKinlay has a BSEET from DeVry University. He is currently working on his Master’s degree and PE license in the state of Texas. He is currently self-employed as a programmer and circuit board designer, and is a partner in MicroDigitalEd.com.