Table of Contents

-: Introduction Part I: Issues 1: Animal Ethics 2: Understanding Animal Welfare Part II: Problems 3: Environmental Challenge and Animal Agency 4: Hunger and Thirst 5: Pain 6: Fear and Other Negative Emotions 7: Frustration and Boredom in Impoverished Environments Part III: Assessment 8: Health and Disease 9: Behaviour 10: Physiology 11: Preference and Motivation Research 12: Practical Strategies to Assess (and Improve) Welfare Part IV: Solutions 13: Physical Conditions 14: Social Conditions 15: Human Contact 16: Genetic Selection Part V: Implementation 17: Economics 18: Regulation, Enforcement and Incentives 19: International Issues

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Suitable for students of animal science, veterinary science and veterinary medicine.

About the Author

(BSc Zoology, PhD Animal Behaviour) is Chief Scientific Adviser with The World Society for the Protection of Animals, based in London, UK. At the Poultry Research Centre and the University of Edinburgh, UK, he carried out research for 20 years on behaviour and welfare of farm animals, before a period with The Humane Society of the United States in Washington, DC. His most recent book is Long Distance Transport and Welfare of Farm Animals (co-editor, 2008). Dr Appleby is a member of the Farm Animal Welfare Council (Farm Animal Welfare Committee from April 2011) and a Visiting Professor at the University of Plymouth and the Scottish Agricultural College. Anna Olsson (I. A. S. Olsson) is Researcher and Group Leader at i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto since 2004. She has a background in animal science and holds a PhD in ethology from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Her research focuses on behaviour and welfare of domestic (laboratory, farm and companion) animals and ethics of (animal) research and technology. She has established and coordinates training in laboratory animal science for researchers at i3S (FELASA accredited course). At the University of Porto, she has developed the ethics module for three PhD programs (PDN, GABBA, MCBiology) and is one of the founders of the interdisciplinary art-science module Biolaboratório.

Anna Olsson chairs the institutional animal welfare and ethics review body since 2010. She is Trustee for Universities Federation of Animal Welfare / Humane Slaughter Association (since 2016) and Member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the Swiss 3Rs Competence Centre (since 2018). She is Editorial board member for the journal Laboratory Animals (since 2004) and academic editor for PLOS ONE (since 2016). She is the co-editor of two textbooks Animal ethics in animal research (Cambridge University Press) and Animal Welfare (CABI International). Francisco Galindo is a Professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He obtained a degree in Veterinary Medicine from the same University (1990) and later a PhD in Animal Behaviour and Welfare (Cambridge, UK, 1996). In 1995 he was appointed as Head of the Department of Ethology at UNAM and since then started teaching Animal Behaviour and Welfare to undergraduate and graduate students. He has supervised several graduate thesis on areas related to Applied Ethology, Animal Welfare, Sustainability and Conservation. He has been Coordinator of the Animal Welfare Committee of the National Animal Health Council in Mexico, as well as Programme Coordinator for the Latin American office of the International Fund for Animal Welfare. Through this work he contributed to the elaboration of Animal Welfare Legislation in Mexico and in other Latin American countries. He is Coordinator of the WOAH Collaborating Centre on Animal Welfare and Sustainable Livestock Systems. He has a strong interest in the integration of animal welfare and sustainability, and has published more than 80 scientific papers on those topics. He is co-editor of Etología Aplicada, one of the first publications of the topic in Spanish, and of Animal Welfare 3rd edition. (BSc Zoology, PhD Animal Behaviour) is Chief Scientific Adviser with The World Society for the Protection of Animals, based in London, UK. At the Poultry Research Centre and the University of Edinburgh, UK, he carried out research for 20 years on behaviour and welfare of farm animals, before a period with The Humane Society of the United States in Washington, DC. His most recent book is Long Distance Transport and Welfare of Farm Animals (co-editor, 2008). Dr Appleby is a member of the Farm Animal Welfare Council (Farm Animal Welfare Committee from April 2011) and a Visiting Professor at the University of Plymouth and the Scottish Agricultural College. Dr Andy Butterworth MRCVS is Reader in Animal Science and Policy in the Clinical Veterinary School, University of Bristol, UK. Andy teaches and carries out research in the areas of animal disease and production, animal welfare and legislation, behavioural biology, and animal welfare assessment in both farm and wild animals. He is a member of the European Food Standards Agency Scientific Panel on Animal health and Welfare, and chairs the EEER (Ethics, Economics, Education and Regulation) of the Farm Animal Welfare committee in the UK. He is editor in Chief of Elsevier's journal Veterinary and Animal Science, he lectures widely and publishes in books, and the academic and trade press, with over 200 publications to date. Michael Cockram is a Professor at the Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada where he is the Chair in Animal Welfare, at the Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre. Dr Cockram has a veterinary and academic background in animal welfare. He obtained his veterinary degree and PhD in the UK and then worked at the University of Edinburgh. He studies the welfare implications of the management of animals, and the relationships between health, physiology, behaviour and animal science. He has published research on the transport, lairage and handling of livestock and poultry, and other animal welfare issues. Much of this research was conducted within commercial slaughter plants. He has worked with industry groups to apply the results of scientific research to commercial situations and has participated in the development of several animal welfare codes of practice. His previous book chapters have been on the welfare implications of health and disease, sheep transport and the effects of handling, transportation, lairage and slaughter on cattle welfare and beef quality. Dr Cockram serves as the Welfare and Behaviour Section Editor for animal: an international journal of animal bioscience, he organised the 2018 International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology and is currently the Chair of the Large Animal Subcommittee of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, Animal Welfare Committee. Dr Rick D'Eath is Reader in Animal Behaviour and Welfare at Scotland's Rural College (SRUC). As an applied ethologist working on farm animals, his main research interests involve understanding how the farmed environment can modify and sometimes frustrate an animals' motivated behaviours often leading to animal welfare problems. Rick primarily works on pigs and poultry, with a particular focus on questions around feeding and hunger, and interactions between animals which are negative for their welfare, including aggression, tail-biting and mounting. Francisco Galindo is a Professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He obtained a degree in Veterinary Medicine from the same University (1990) and later a PhD in Animal Behaviour and Welfare (Cambridge, UK, 1996). In 1995 he was appointed as Head of the Department of Ethology at UNAM and since then started teaching Animal Behaviour and Welfare to undergraduate and graduate students. He has supervised several graduate thesis on areas related to Applied Ethology, Animal Welfare, Sustainability and Conservation. He has been Coordinator of the Animal Welfare Committee of the National Animal Health Council in Mexico, as well as Programme Coordinator for the Latin American office of the International Fund for Animal Welfare. Through this work he contributed to the elaboration of Animal Welfare Legislation in Mexico and in other Latin American countries. He is Coordinator of the WOAH Collaborating Centre on Animal Welfare and Sustainable Livestock Systems. He has a strong interest in the integration of animal welfare and sustainability, and has published more than 80 scientific papers on those topics. He is co-editor of Etología Aplicada, one of the first publications of the topic in Spanish, and of Animal Welfare 3rd edition. Stella Maria Huertas Canén is a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and Master in Animal Health at the University of the República Oriental del Uruguay. From the beginning of her academic life she specialized in the study of meat quality and later in her career on the welfare of production animals in a country with one of the highest beef meat production and export rates in the world.
She is the coordinator of the Animal Welfare Program of the Veterinary Faculty of University of the República Oriental del Uruguay and Assistant Professor of Biostatistics within the same University.
Since 2009 Stella is the coordinator for Uruguay of the OIE Collaborating Center in Animal Welfare and Livestock Production Systems for the Americas, a consortium made of institutions from Chile-Uruguay-Mexico. Stella Maris is also a member of the integrated ad hoc group of the OIE.
Stella Maris has been a pioneer in issues related to the welfare of production animals in her country and in the region, and has led important research projects that have contributed to creating knowledge, generating human resources, spreading good practices to all stakeholders, including farmers, farm staff, transporters and personnel of the meat industry.
Stella has authored multiple publications related to silvopastoral systems, animal welfare and productivity. is a veterinary surgeon, now retired, who worked from 1966 to 2004 at the Poultry Research Centre and the Roslin Institute at Edinburgh. His research was on poultry behaviour and welfare, focussing especially on specific appetites, laying behaviour, egg shell quality, feather pecking and housing systems. He headed the Ethology Department from 1988 to 1997 and was Institute Named Veterinary Surgeon and Chair of the Ethics Committee from 1993 to 2004. He was also a Tutor in the Open University on Biology, Brain and Behaviour and Lecturer on Edinburgh University's MSc course in Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare. He was Editor of British Poultry Science from 1985 to 2010 and remains on the Editorial Board. Georgia Mason is a behavioural biologist a the University of Guelph, Canada, who studies how animals adapt (or fail to adapt) to captive housing conditions, especially conditions that meet their physiological needs but are too small or monotonous to allow natural behaviour. She is also interested in the validation of animal welfare indicators. (BA Biology, DPhil Ethology and Neurobiology) is a Professor of Animal Science and the Director of the Center for Animal Welfare at the University of California, Davis. She conducts research on the behaviour and welfare of poultry and small laboratory animals, with a particular emphasis on management and environmental enrichment. She serves on numerous national and international committees and boards that address issues related to farm and laboratory animal welfare, and teaches courses on animal welfare and animal ethics. Michael Mendl is a Professor of Animal Behaviour and Welfare at Bristol Veterinary School. His research interests are in the area of animal behaviour and welfare, particularly the links between affective and cognitive processes, and the ways in which attention, memory and decision-making both influence and are influenced by affective state. He is also interested in the evolution and function of affective states, developing new measures of animal emotion and welfare that can be used under field conditions (including automated / machine learning), and understanding more about animal cognition, emotion, personality, and social behaviour with a view to identifying and minimising welfare problems for captive animals. Ruth C. Newberry is a Professor of Ethology in the Faculty of Biosciences at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Her early years were spent on a farm near Ottawa, which had a resident cat colony. Before the cats were neutered, she saw first-hand the communal nursing of Tinkerbell and her adult daughter, and the comings and goings of the resident tomcat. As a zoology student at the University of Edinburgh, she was encouraged by Jane Goodall's writings to pursue the study of animal behaviour, leading to her PhD research in the Edinburgh Pig Park observing communal nursing in pig nests. After several years investigating chicken behaviour at the Agassiz Research Station in British Columbia, she journeyed south to join Washington State University's colleges of veterinary medicine and agriculture. There, she conducted studies on a wide range of animals including cats. Having finally habituated to cowboy hats in her classroom, the northern lights beckoned once more, this time to Norway. Here, since 2013, her research has focused on methods of environmental enrichment that foster harmonious social development and positive welfare. Ruth is a Past-President and Honorary Fellow of the International Society for Applied Ethology, and a member of several scientific advisory committees on animal welfare. A confirmed cat person meeting the personality traits described in Chapter 12, she has shared her home with a succession of beloved cats, Annapurra Katman, Cinnamon Daintree, Siena Kitkatla to name a few, whose unique personalities have provided inspiration during the writing of this book. Birte Nielsen is an applied ethologist currently working as Assistant Scientific Director at UFAW (Universities Federation for Animal Welfare) and their sister-charity HSA (Humane Slaughter Association). She has previously worked at the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) in France and Aarhus University, Denmark. Her research has spanned the science of olfaction, studying the behavioural responses of rats to different smells, and feeding behaviour in ruminants. Birte has in-depth experience in experimental behaviour science on rats, growing pigs, dairy cows, broiler chickens and broiler breeders, and has been actively involved in work on horses, sows, laying hens and even ostriches. Anna Olsson (I. A. S. Olsson) is Researcher and Group Leader at i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto since 2004. She has a background in animal science and holds a PhD in ethology from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Her research focuses on behaviour and welfare of domestic (laboratory, farm and companion) animals and ethics of (animal) research and technology. She has established and coordinates training in laboratory animal science for researchers at i3S (FELASA accredited course). At the University of Porto, she has developed the ethics module for three PhD programs (PDN, GABBA, MCBiology) and is one of the founders of the interdisciplinary art-science module Biolaboratório.

Anna Olsson chairs the institutional animal welfare and ethics review body since 2010. She is Trustee for Universities Federation of Animal Welfare / Humane Slaughter Association (since 2016) and Member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the Swiss 3Rs Competence Centre (since 2018). She is Editorial board member for the journal Laboratory Animals (since 2004) and academic editor for PLOS ONE (since 2016). She is the co-editor of two textbooks Animal ethics in animal research (Cambridge University Press) and Animal Welfare (CABI International). Dr Sally Sherwen is the Director of Wildlife Conservation and Science at Zoos Victoria (the Conservation Organisation charged with the operation of Melbourne Zoo, Werribee Open Range Zoo and Healesville Sanctuary in Australia). Sally leads a dynamic team of scientists and specialists that develop and deliver strategic programs in conservation, animal welfare, education and environmental sustainability. Sally has a PhD in Animal Welfare Science and in previous roles has established an evidence-based research program in animal behaviour and welfare science, developed and implemented an institutional welfare assessment tool to advance welfare standards and designed and ran collaborative training courses with several NGOs for industry professionals and community groups. Francoise is a Senior Researcher at SRUC, and her main research interest is the development of scientific approaches for the study of animals as whole sentient beings (i.e. as subjects rather than objects), bringing insights from philosophy of mind and social psychology and anthropology into the study of animal emotion. In collaboration with colleagues from SRUC and other institutes, Francoise has developed and validated a methodology for the study of animal expressivity (body language) and subjective experience, generally referred to as 'Qualitative Behaviour Assessment' (QBA). Her research focuses on the application of this method as a practical tool for welfare assessment and management in farm, zoo, and companion animals. Research interests associated with this work are animal boredom and environmental enrichment.