Table of Contents

Introduction 1. Identification sentences; question words Pwy?, Beth?; identifiers hwn, hon; hwnna, honna; y rhain, y rheina 2. Nouns and noun plurals 3. The verb ‘to be’: present tense statements (AFF) and questions (INT) 4. The present tense of bod: NEG forms 5. Mutations: Soft Mutation 6. The definite article: ‘the . . .’ 7. The genitive construction: ‘the X of Y’ etc. 8. Adjectives 9. The present tense of verbs 10. Other auxiliaries with the VN; requests 11. The complement marker yn° + noun/adjective 12. Personal pronouns; word order; third-person singular rule 13. ‘Want’ and ‘would like’ 14. Aspirate and Nasal Mutations 15. Possessive adjectives: ‘his . . .’, ‘her . . .’, ‘your . . .’, etc. 16. Yn and mewn ‘in’ 17. The imperfect of bod: ‘I was’, ‘you were’, etc. 18. The future of bod: ‘I will be’, etc.; affirmative markers fe° and mi° 19. The imperfect and future of other verbs: ‘I was . . . ing’, ‘I will . . .’ 20. The existential verb: ‘There is/are . . .’, ‘There was/were . . .’, etc. 21. Conjugated prepositions 22. More conjugated prepositions 23. Possession 24. Stems; imperatives (command forms) 25. The inflected preterite: completed action in the past 26. General principles with inflected verbs (verbs with endings) 27. Irregular preterites: ‘went’, ‘came’, ‘did’, ‘got’ 28 . Mo after inflected NEG verbs 29. Present tense ‘is/are’ with question words 30. Numerals 1–12; telling the time 31. More numbers; Faint . . .? ‘How much/many . . . ?’; quantity expressions 32. Days, months and years 33. ‘Some’ and ‘any’, ‘no-one’, `everyone’; ‘all’ 34. Rhaid ‘must’, ‘have to’ 35. Rhaid-type expressions: well, waeth, man a man, hen bryd 36. Derived adverbs in yn°; summary of meanings and uses of yn 37. Wedi: ‘perfect’ tense 38. The pluperfect and future perfect 39. Yes/no answers; tags 40. Translating "have" Key to exercises Glossary of technical terms Vocabularies: Welsh–English English–Welsh

About the Author

Gareth King is UCAS co-ordinator, Oxbridge applications co-ordinator and Latin co-ordinator for a large sixth-form college. He is also the series editor for the Colloquials and the Routledge Welsh Reader.