CONTENTS

Contributors......................................................................... xi
Foreword ............................................................................... xv
Preface ................................................................................... xvii

SECTION ONE

HYBRID BIONIC SYSTEMS

EMGBased and GazeTrackingBased Man-Machine Interfaces

Federico Carpi and Danilo De Rossi

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 4

II. EMGBasedInterfaces............................................................. 5

III. GazeTrackingBasedInterfaces.................................................. 12

IV. FinalRemark ....................................................................... 19
References .......................................................................... 19

Bidirectional Interfaces with the Peripheral Nervous System

Silvestro Micera and Xavier Navarro

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 24

II. OrganizationandFunctionofthePNS ........................................ 25

III. Nerve Electrodes:TypesandApplications..................................... 28

IV. Stimulationand RecordingNeuralSignals .................................... 31

V. BiomedicalApplications.......................................................... 33
References .......................................................................... 35

Interfacing Insect Brain for Space Applications

Giovanni Di Pino, Tobias Seidl, Antonella Benvenuto,
Fabrizio Sergi, Domenico Campolo, Dino Accoto,
Paolo Maria Rossini, and Eugenio Guglielmelli

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 40

II. Interfaces............................................................................ 41

III. SensoryandMotorMapping..................................................... 44

IV. ProposingaModelofHybrid Control Architecture ......................... 45

v

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V. ConclusionsandOutlook......................................................... 46
References........................................................................... 47

SECTION TWO

MEET THE BRAIN

Meet the Brain: Neurophysiology

John Rothwell

I. Introduction......................................................................... 52

II. HowDoNeuronsTransmit Information?...................................... 53

III. Synapses ............................................................................. 55

IV. TheMotorAreasofthe CerebralCortex....................................... 57

V. PlasticityofPrimaryMotorCortex .............................................. 63

VI. Conclusions ......................................................................... 64
References........................................................................... 65

Fundamentals of Electroencefalography, Magnetoencefalography, and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Claudio Babiloni, Vittorio Pizzella, Cosimo del Gratta,
Antonio Ferretti, and Gian Luca Romani

I. Introduction to Electroencephalography andMagnetoencephalography ................................................... 68

II. Physiological GenerationofEEG/MEGSignals............................... 69

III. EEG and MEG Techniques Allow the Study of Brain Rhythms............. 73

IV. FunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging ...................................... 74

V. Physiological Generation of Blood Oxygen LevelDependent Signal ...... 75

VI. TypicalfMRIExperimentalDesigns............................................. 77

VII. BOLDfMRITechniquesin Clinical Environment ............................ 77
References........................................................................... 78

Implications of Brain Plasticity to Brain-Machine Interfaces Operation:
A Potential Paradox?

Paolo Maria Rossini

I. Introduction......................................................................... 82

II. BrainPlasticity ...................................................................... 83

III. BrainPlasticityandBMISystems ................................................ 87

IV. MonitoringPlasticityDuringBMIControl ..................................... 88

V. Conclusions ......................................................................... 89
References........................................................................... 89

CONTENTS

SECTION THREE

BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACES, A NEW
BRAINTOENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

An Overview of BMIs

Francisco Sepulveda

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 94

II. MainElementsinaBMI.......................................................... 96

III. BMITypes........................................................................... 99

IV. BMIsandtheUser’sAbility...................................................... 102

V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 104
References .......................................................................... 104

Neurofeedback and Brain-Computer Interface: Clinical Applications

Niels Birbaumer, Ander Ramos Murguialday, Cornelia Weber, and Pedro Montoya

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 108

II. FunctionalMagnetic ResonanceImaging: fMRIBMI ........................ 109

III. BMIinLockedinSyndrome..................................................... 110

IV. BMIinStrokeandSpinalCordInjury ......................................... 112

V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 114
References .......................................................................... 115

Flexibility and Practicality: Graz Brain-Computer Interface Approach

Reinhold Scherer, Gernot R. MullerPutz, and Gert Pfurtscheller

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 120

II. GrazBCI ............................................................................ 120

III. Applications......................................................................... 122

IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 127
References .......................................................................... 129

On the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces Outside Scientific Laboratories: Toward an Application in Domotic Environments

F. Babiloni, F. Cincotti, M. Marciani, S. Salinari, L. Astolfi,

F. Aloise, F. De Vico Fallani, and D. Mattia

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 134

II. Methodology........................................................................ 135

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III. Results................................................................................ 142

IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 144
References........................................................................... 146

Brain-Computer Interface Research at the Wadsworth Center:
Developments in Noninvasive Communication and Control

Dean J. Krusienski and Jonathan R. Wolpaw

I. Introduction......................................................................... 147

II. SensorimotorRhythmBasedBCIControl...................................... 149

III. P300BasedBCIControl........................................................... 152

IV. CurrentandFutureDirections................................................... 154

V. Conclusion .......................................................................... 155
References........................................................................... 155

WatchingBrain TV and Playing Brain Ball: ExploringNovel BCI Strategies Using RealTime Analysis of Human Intracranial Data

Karim Jerbi, Samson Freyermuth, Lorella Minotti, Philippe Kahane, Alain Berthoz, and JeanPhilippe Lachaux

I. Introduction......................................................................... 160

II. MaterialsandMethods............................................................ 161

III. Results................................................................................ 161

IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 166
References........................................................................... 167

SECTION FOUR

BRAINMACHINE INTERFACES AND SPACE

Adaptive Changes of Rhythmic EEG Oscillations in Space:
Implications for Brain-Machine Interface Applications

G. Cheron, A. M. Cebolla, M. Petieau, A. Bengoetxea,

E. PalmeroSoler, A. Leroy, and B. Dan

I. Introduction......................................................................... 172

II. SpontaneousEEG Fluctuations:Whereisthe Baseline? ..................... 172

III. Howto Manage AlphaandMu Oscillationsin Space........................ 173

IV. From the Identification Process to the Exploitation ofBrainOscillationsinSpace.................................................... 174

V. The Influence of TopDown Dynamics on BCI Approach ............... 176

VI. Gamma EEG Oscillations: AWindow into Cognition, Perception, Attention, Binding,or MicrosaccadicEye Movements ....................... 179

VII. The Gating of the SomatosensoryEvokedPotentials asaNewToolsforBCI............................................................ 179 References........................................................................... 183

CONTENTS

Validation of Brain-Machine Interfaces During Parabolic Flight

Jose del R. Millan, Pierre W. Ferrez, and Tobias Seidl

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 189

II. Methods............................................................................. 190

III. ExperimentalResults.............................................................. 193

IV. Discussion ........................................................................... 196
References .......................................................................... 197

Matching Brain-Machine Interface Performance to Space Applications

Luca Citi, Oliver Tonet, and Martina Marinelli

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 200

II. Methods: PerformanceMeasuresofHBSs ..................................... 201

III. Materials............................................................................. 202

IV. Results:Matching InterfacesandDevices...................................... 205

V. PossibleDemonstrators ........................................................... 208

VI. Conclusions......................................................................... 209
References .......................................................................... 210

Brain-Machine Interfaces forSpace Applications-Research,Technological
Development, and Opportunities

Leopold Summerer, Dario Izzo, and Luca Rossini

I. Introduction ........................................................................ 214

II. AnOutlookonBMIResearchTrends.......................................... 215

III. Future Manned Space Programs-Planned or Envisioned.................. 217

IV. NextStepsTowardBMIsforSpaceApplications............................. 220

V. Conclusion.......................................................................... 221
References .......................................................................... 221

Index ...................................................................................... 225
Contents of Recent Volumes................................................ 231

Table of Contents