Table of Contents

Foreword

Introduction

Chapter 1 Introducing Cisco IOS XR

Evolution of Networking

Requirements for Carrier-Grade NOS

    Convergence

    Scalability

    Availability

        Hardware Redundancy

        Failure Recovery and Microkernel-Based NOS

        Process Restartability

        Failure Detection

        Software Upgrades and Patching

    Security

    Service Flexibility

Operating System Concepts

    Basic Functions of an Operating System

        Process Scheduling

        Interrupt Handling

        Memory Management

        Synchronization

        Interprocess Communication

        Dynamic Link Library

        Portable Operating System Interface

High-Level Overview of Cisco IOS XR

Cisco IOS XR Platforms

    Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System

    Cisco XR 12000 Series

    Cisco ASR 9000 Series

Chapter 2 Cisco IOS XR Infrastructure

Cisco IOS XR Kernel

    Threads

    Scheduling Algorithms

    Synchronization Services

Cisco IOS XR System Manager

    Process Attributes

    System Manager and Process Lifecycle

    CLI for Sysmgr and Processes

Interprocess Communication

    Characteristics of IPC Mechanisms

        Synchronous Versus Asynchronous

        Intra-node Versus Inter-node

        Connection-Oriented Versus Rendezvous

        Point-to-Point Versus Point-to-Multipoint

    Light Weight Messaging

    Group Service Protocol

    Atomic Descriptor Ring

    Qnet

Distributed Services

    GSP

    Bulk Content Downloader

Process Placement

Cisco IOS XR System Database

High Availability Architecture

Forwarding Path

Chapter 3 Installing Cisco IOS XR

Introduction to Cisco IOS XR Packages

    Image Naming Conventions

    Cisco IOS XR Bootable Files, PIEs, and SMUs

        Composite Bootable Files

        Composite Upgrade PIE

    Optional PIEs

    Software Maintenance Upgrade

Install System Overview

Preparing to Install Cisco IOS XR

TURBOBOOT

    Setting the TURBOBOOT ROMMON Variable

    Booting the .vm File from ROMMON

    Verifying the Software Installation

    Installing Packages

    TURBOBOOT Considerations for the c12000 Platform

    Booting the Standby RP

Upgrading to a Major Cisco IOS XR Version Using mini.pie

    Install Rollback

    Removing Inactive Packages

    Performing an Install Audit

Disk Backup and Recovery

    Creating a Backup Disk with Golden Disk

    Disk Mirroring

        Creating a Disk Partition

        Turning On Disk Mirroring

Install Health Checks

    Verifying MD5 Signature of a PIE or an SMU

    Anticipating Disk Space Usage

    Testing a PIE or SMU Installation

    Verifying the config-register

    Clearing Configuration Inconsistency

Chapter 4 Configuration Management

Understanding Distributed Configuration Management

    Control Plane Configuration Management

    Data Plane Configuration Management

Understanding Configuration Planes

    Admin Plane

    Shared Plane

    Local Plane

Components of Configuration Management

    Configuration Manager

    Configuration File System

    Role of SysDB in Configuration Management

    Replicated Data Service File System

Understanding the Two-Stage Commit Model

    Building the Target Configuration

    Commit Operation

        Commit Confirmed Option

        Commit Failures

        Configuration Failures During Startup

Configuration Features in Cisco IOS XR

    Deleting Physical Interface

    Configuration Navigation

    Default Running Configuration Behavior

    Troubleshooting Configuration Inconsistencies

    Configuration Session Lock

    Avoiding a Commit Operation and Clearing the Target Configurations

        Option 1: Unlock the Configuration Session

        Option 2: Use the clear Command

        Option 3: Use the abort Command

        Option 4: Use the end or exit Commands

Configuration Management During Hardware and Software Change Events

    Configuration Management During Online Insertion and Removal Events

        Case 1: Insert or Remove a Node

        Case 2: Replace the Node with a Different Node

        Case 3: Replace the Node with a Higher Density Node

        Case 4: Replace the Node with a Lower Density Node

    Configuration Management During Package Activation and Deactivation

    Interface Preconfiguration

    Configuration Template

    Configuration Management During Router Startup

Configuration Rollback

Chapter 5 Cisco IOS XR Monitoring and Operations

Using SNMP

    Configuring SNMP

Cisco IOS XR Syslog

    SNMP in the Context of a VRF

    Logging Destination

    Local Archiving of Logging Messages

Embedded Event Manager

    EEM Event Detectors and Events Processing

    Timer Services Event Detector

        Syslog Event Detector

        None Event Detector

    Watchdog System Monitor Event Detector

    Distributed Event Detectors

    Registering and Using Onboard EEM Policies

    User-Defined EEM Policy

    EEM Reliability Metrics

Monitoring Processes

    WDSYSMON

    Monitoring Memory

    Using the show system verify Command

    Operations and Monitoring Best Practices

Chapter 6 Cisco IOS XR Security

Secure Operating System

Securing Access to the Router

    Admin Plane

    SDR Plane

    User Groups and Task Groups

    User Group and Task Group Inheritance

    External AAA

        Configuring a TACACS+ Server

        Authentication Using RADIUS

    Configuring Secure Shell

    Management Plane Protection

Securing the Forwarding Plane

    Access Control Lists

    Unicast RPF

    Local Packet Transport Service

        Mechanics Behind LPTS: A High-Level Overview

        Configuring LPTS

Chapter 7 Routing IGP

Routing Information Protocol

    Understanding RIP Fundamentals

    RIP Versions

    Configuring RIP in Cisco IOS XR

        Configuring Route Policy Language

        Configuring Passive Interface

        Restarting, Shutting Down, and Blocking RIP

        Verifying and Troubleshooting RIP

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

    Understanding EIGRP Fundamentals

        Neighbor Discovery/Recovery

        Reliable Transport Protocol

        Diffusing Update Algorithm

        Protocol-Dependent Modules

    Configuring EIGRP in Cisco IOS XR

        Configuring Routing Policy

        Configuring Router ID

        Configuring and Verifying NSF

        Verifying EIGRP Process Status

        Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP

Open Shortest Path First

    Understanding OSPF Fundamentals

    Configuring OSPF in Cisco IOS XR

        Configuring and Verifying OSPFv2

        Hierarchical CLI and Inheritance

        Configuring OSPFv2 Authentication

        Verifying NSF Configuration and Standby RP Status

        Configuring and Verifying Nonstop Routing

        Configuring and Verifying Multiarea Adjacencies

        Configuring and Verifying Bidirectional Forwarding Detection

        Configuring OSPF Timers

        Configuring and Verifying OSPFv3

Intermediate System to Intermediate System

    Understanding IS-IS Fundamentals

    Configuring IS-IS in Cisco IOS XR

        Verifying the Single Topology Model

        Configuring and Verifying the Multitopology Model

        Configuring and Verifying Interface States

        Configuring IS-IS NSF and IS-IS Timers

        Configuring and Verifying BFD in IS-IS

        Configuring and Verifying IP Fast Reroute

        Configuring and Verifying Authentication in IOS XR IS-IS

Chapter 8 Implementing BGP in Cisco IOS XR

Cisco IOS XR BGP Architectural Overview

Cisco IOS XR BGP Hierarchical Configuration

    Address Family Configuration Mode

    Configuration Groups

Implementing BGP Policies

    Routing Policy Language

    Prefix Set

    AS-path Set

    Community Set

    Routing Policies

        Hierarchical Policies and Parameterization

BGP Policy Accounting

BGP Remotely Triggered Black Hole

BGP Graceful Restart

BGP Distributed Speaker

Cisco IOS XR BGP Convergence

Chapter 9 Cisco IOS XR MPLS Architecture

Understanding Cisco IOS XR MPLS Architecture Fundamentals

    TTL Processing

    Cisco IOS XR MPLS Load Balancing

Label Distribution Protocol

    LDP Basic Configuration

    LDP Parameters

    LDP Label Control

    LDP-IGP Sync and LDP Session Protection

MPLS Traffic Engineering

Cisco IOS XR Peer-to-Peer L3VPN

    Virtual Routing Forwarding Tables

    MP-iBGP Between PE Routers

    Routing Between CE and PE

        Static Routing for CE-PE

        eBGP as CE-PE Protocol

        OSPF as CE-PE Protocol

        RIP as CE-PE Protocol

L2VPN

    Virtual Private Wire Service

        VPWS Configuration in IOS XR

        Pseudo Wire Redundancy

    Virtual Private VLAN Service

Chapter 10 Cisco IOS XR Multicast

Understanding Multicast Routing Fundamentals

    Internet Group Management Protocol

        IGMPv2

        IGMPv3

    Protocol Independent Multicast

Understanding Cisco IOS XR Multicast

    Understanding Cisco IOS XR PIM Sparse Mode

    Understanding PIM Source Specific Multicast on IOS XR

Configuring Cisco IOS XR Multicast

    Enabling Multicast Routing

    Configuring IGMP

    Configuring PIM

    Configuring Static RP

        Auto-RP

        BSR

        PIM SSM Configuration

Monitoring and Troubleshooting Cisco IOS XR Multicast

    Debugging Multicast on the CRS Router’s Ingress Path

    Debugging Multicast in Router’s Fabric and Egress Path

    Debugging an RPF Failure Using a Line Card MFIB Command

Chapter 11 Secure Domain Router

Owner and Non-Owner SDR

Understanding SDR Privileges

Creating a Secure Domain Router

DRP

Configuring a Secure Domain Router

    Creating a Named Secure Domain Router

    Assigning Resources to a Named SDR

    Logging In to a Newly Named SDR

Process Placement

Chapter 12 Understanding CRS-1 Multishelf

Multishelf Overview

Line Card Chassis

Fabric Card Chassis

Switch Fabric Cards

    Fabric Data Path

    High Availability

Multishelf Fabric Interconnect

    Fabric Planes

    SEA Links

    Fabric Backpressure

    Optical Array Cables

        Recommended Practices and Considerations

        Single Module Fabric Configuration

        Multimodule Configuration

Multishelf Control Ethernet

Multishelf Configuration

    Viewing the Configuration

    Line Card Chassis to Multishelf Preparation

    Troubleshooting Multishelf Fabric Planes

    Troubleshooting Fabric Links

Appendix A ROMMON and Configuration Register Settings

Appendix B Multishelf 2+1 Array Cable Mapping

Appendix C Switch Fabric Down Flags

 

 

9781587052712    TOC    5/19/2009

 

About the Author

Syed Natif Nawaz (CCIE No. 8825) has 7+ years' experience in networking design, including five years' experience with Cisco IOS-XR software. As IOS-XR Software Development Manager at Cisco, he is responsible for IOS and IOS-XR defect resolution, feature integration, release processes, and serviceability guidelines. Muhammad Waris Sagheer, Senior Software Engineer in Cisco's High End Routing Organization, specializes in advanced MPLS technologies. He provides MPLS and ATM design, consulting, and escalation assistance to service providers worldwide. He co-authored the case studies in the Cisco Press book MPLS Configuration on Cisco IOS Software. Shahzad Burney is a Software Engineer at Cisco.