Table of Contents

Preface vii

1 Conflicts in Construction 1

1.1 Recent history 2

1.2 Understanding conflict 3

1.3 Addressing conflict 3

1.4 Positive aspects of a conflict 4

1.5 The real causes of conflict 6

2 Why Do We Need to Manage Conflict? 11

2.1 Functional conflict 12

2.2 Dysfunctional conflict 12

3 Causes of Conflict 19

3.1 A conflict of ideas 19

3.2 A conflict of beliefs 22

3.3 A conflict of interests 24

3.4 The Fertile Ground Theory 25

3.5 Internal conflict 29

3.6 Internal conflict in construction 34

3.7 Other factors 38

4 Dishonesty and Self Deception 41

4.1 Plain dishonesty 41

4.2 Self delusion 43

4.3 Cognitive Dissonance 44

4.4 Confirmative Bias 45

5 Interpersonal Relationships 49

5.1 Anthropological factors 50

5.2 Sociological factors 52

5.3 Physiological factors 54

5.4 Psychological factors 54

5.5 Prejudice 57

5.6 Personality types 57

5.7 The urge to conflict 62

6 Anatomy of a Construction Project 63

6.1 Overview of the project and the parties 63

6.2 The pre-contract period 65

6.3 The contract period 67

6.4 The dispute period 69

6.5 Summary and analysis of the dispute 71

7 Twelve Steps for Reducing Conflict 73

7.1 Step 1: Communicate with precision 73

7.2 Step 2: Listen and consider attentively 75

7.3 Step 3: Think before speaking 76

7.4 Step 4: Take time to build relationships 78

7.5 Step 5: Be honest in your dealings with others 79

7.6 Step 6: Do not dispute trivial matters 80

7.7 Step 7: Look for common ground 80

7.8 Step 8: Recognise and avoid prejudice 81

7.9 Step 9: Express your understanding 82

7.10 Step 10: Control your emotions 83

7.11 Step 11: Apologise gracefully if you are wrong 84

7.12 Step 12: Accept apologies gracefully if others are in the wrong 86

8 Reducing Conflict 87

8.1 People, people, people 87

8.2 Interpersonal techniques 88

8.3 Perceptions and personalities 89

8.4 Tactical behaviour 95

8.5 Summary 97

9 Managing Conflict 99

9.1 Simple resolution techniques 99

9.2 Control of conflict 102

9.3 Conflict prevention 103

9.4 Prevent conflict from spreading 105

9.5 Call the professionals 106

9.6 Summary 107

10 Informal Dispute Resolution 109

10.1 Negotiation 109

10.2 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) 119

11 Formal Dispute Resolution 123

11.1 General principles of dispute management 123

11.2 Arbitration and Litigation 125

11.3 Arbitration explained 125

11.4 Litigation explained 128

12 Conflict in Changing and Challenging Markets 133

12.1 Will people change? 133

12.2 Will contracts change? 135

12.3 Does Europe have anything better to offer? 137

12.4 Conflict in changing market conditions 138

12.5 More conflict or less conflict – you decide! 138

Index 139

About the Author

Jeffery Whitfield FRICS, is an expert witness in quantum and delay cases in energy, engineering and construction projects and has worked on cases around the globe. A chartered quantity surveyor and trained planner/ scheduler, he is a Director at Hill International.