Detailed Contents
Maps
Figures and Tables
Features
Preface
Supplements
Meet the Authors
A Conversation with the Authors
Acknowledgments
Part One. North American Founders
1. First Founders
Ancient America
The Question of Origins
The Archaic World
The Rise of Maize Agriculture
A Thousand Years of Change: 500 to 1500
Valleys of the Sun: The Mesoamerican Empires
The Anasazi: Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde
The Mississippians: Cahokia and Moundville
Linking the Continents
Oceanic Travel: The Norse and the Chinese
Portugal and the Beginnings of Globalization
Looking for the Indies: Da Gama and Columbus
In the Wake of Columbus: Competition and Exchange
Spain Enters the Americas
The Devastation of the Indies
The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Magellan and Cortés Prompt New Searches
Three New Views of North America
The Protestant Reformation Plays Out in America
Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe
Competing Powers Lay Claim to Florida
The Background of English Expansion
Lost Colony: The Roanoke Experience
Conclusion
Envisioning History The World as a Clover: Mapping for Art, Religion, or Science
The Wider World The Lateen Rig: A Triangular Sail That Helped to Conquer Oceans
Interpreting History “These Gods That We Worship Give Us Everything We Need”
2. European Footholds in North America, 1600–1660
Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Vizcaíno in California and Japan
Oñate Creates a Spanish Foothold in the Southwest
New Mexico Survives: New Flocks Among Old Pueblos
Conversion and Rebellion in Spanish Florida
France and Holland: Overseas Competition for Spain
The Founding of New France
Competing for the Beaver Trade
A Dutch Colony on the Hudson River
“All Sorts of Nationalities”: Diverse New Amsterdam
English Beginnings on the Atlantic Coast
The Virginia Company and Jamestown
“Starving Time” and Seeds of Representative Government
Launching the Plymouth Colony
The Puritan Experiment
Formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company
“We Shall Be as a City upon a Hill”
Dissenters: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
Expansion and Violence: The Pequot War
The Chesapeake Bay Colonies
The Demise of the Virginia Company
Maryland: The Catholic Refuge
The Dwellings of English Newcomers
The Lure of Tobacco
Conclusion
Envisioning History A Roof Overhead: Early Chesapeake Housing
The Wider World Freedom of the Seas: Grotius and Maritime Law
Interpreting History Anne Bradstreet: “The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America”
3. Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660–1715
France and the American Interior
The Rise of the Sun King
Exploring the Mississippi Valley
King William’s War in the Northeast
Founding the Louisiana Colony
The Spanish Empire on the Defensive
The Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico
Navajo and Spanish on the Southwestern Frontier
Borderland Conflict in Texas and Florida
England’s American Empire Takes Shape
Monarchy Restored and Navigation Controlled
Fierce Anglo-Dutch Competition
The New Restoration Colonies
The Contrasting Worlds of Pennsylvania and Carolina
Bloodshed in the English Colonies: 1670–1690
Metacom’s War in New England
Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia
The “Glorious Revolution” in England
The “Glorious Revolution” in America
Consequences of War and Growth: 1690–1715
Salem’s Wartime Witch Hunt
The Uneven Costs of War
Storm Clouds in the South
Conclusion
Envisioning History La Salle’s Ship, the Belle, Is Raised from a Watery Grave
The Wider World William Dampier: The World Became His University
Interpreting History “Marry or do not
marry”
Part Two. A Century of Colonial Expansion to 1775
4. African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation
The Descent into Race Slavery
The Caribbean Precedent
Ominous Beginnings
Alternative Sources of Labor
The Fateful Transition
The Growth of Slave Labor Camps
Black Involvement in Bacon’s Rebellion
The Rise of a Slaveholding Tidewater Elite
Closing the Vicious Circle in the Chesapeake
England Enters the Atlantic Slave Trade
Trade Ties Between Europe and Africa
The Slave Trade on the African Coast
The Middle Passage Experience
Saltwater Slaves Arrive in America
Survival in a Strange New Land
African Rice Growers in South Carolina
Patterns of Resistance
A Wave of Rebellion
The Transformation Completed
Second Class Status in the North
Uncertain Voices of Dissent
Is This Consistent “with Christianity or Common Justice”?
Oglethorpe’s Antislavery Experiment
The End of Equality in Georgia
Conclusion
Envisioning History Drums and Banjos: African Sounds in English Colonies
The Wider World The Odyssey of Job Ben Solomon
Interpreting History “Releese Us out of This Cruell Bondegg”
5. An American Babel, 1713–1763
New Cultures on the Western Plains
The Spread of the Horse
The Rise of the Comanche
Creation of Comanchería on the Southern Plains
The Expansion of the Sioux
Britain’s Mainland Colonies: A New Abundance of People
Population Growth on the Home Front
“Packed Like Herrings”: Arrivals from Abroad
Non-English Newcomers in the British Colonies
The Varied Economic Landscape
Sources of Gain in Carolina and Georgia
Chesapeake Bay’s Tobacco Economy
New England Takes to the Sea
Economic Expansion in the Middle Colonies
Matters of Faith: The Great Awakening
Seeds of Religious Toleration
The Onset of the Great Awakening: Pietism and George Whitefield
“The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry”
The Consequences of the Great Awakening
The French Lose a North American Empire
Prospects and Problems Facing French Colonists
British Settlers Confront the Threat from France
An American Fight Becomes a Global Conflict
Quebec Taken and North America Refashioned
Conclusion
Envisioning History Putting Mary Jemison on a Pedestal
The Wider World Solving the Problem of
Longitude
Interpreting History “Pastures Can Be Found Almost
Everywhere”: Joshua von Kocherthal Recruits Germans to
Carolina
6. The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763–1775
New Challenges to Spain’s Expanded Empire
Pacific Exploration, Hawaiian Contact
The Russians Lay Claim to Alaska
Spain Colonizes the California Coast
New Challenges to Britain’s Expanded Empire
Midwestern Lands and Pontiac’s War for Indian Independence
Grenville’s Effort at Reform
The Stamp Act Imposed
The Stamp Act Resisted
“The Unconquerable Rage of the People”
Power Corrupts: An English Framework for Revolution
Americans Practice Vigilance and Restraint
Rural Unrest: Tenant Farmers and Regulators
A Conspiracy of Corrupt Ministers?
The Townshend Duties
Virtuous Resistance: Boycotting British Goods
The Boston Massacre
The Gaspée Affair Prompts Committees of Correspondence
Launching a Revolution
The Tempest over Tea
The Intolerable Acts
From Words to Action
Conclusion
Envisioning History William Hogarth’s “The Times,” 1762
The Wider World “Farther than Any Other Man”: Cook’s Second Voyage
Interpreting History “Squeezed and Oppressed”: A 1768 Petition by 30 Regulators
Part Three. The Unfinished Revolution, 1775–1803
7. Revolutionaries at War, 1775–1783
“Things Are Now Come to That Crisis”
The Second Continental Congress Takes Control
“Liberty to Slaves”
The Struggle to Control Boston
Declaring Independence
“Time to Part”
The British Attack New York
“Victory or Death”: A Desperate Gamble Pays Off
The Struggle to Win French Support
Breakdown in British Planning
Saratoga Tips the Balance
Forging an Alliance with France
Legitimate States, a Respectable Military
The Articles of Confederation
Creating State Constitutions
Tensions in the Military Ranks
Shaping a Diverse Army
The War at Sea
The Long Road to Yorktown
Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts
The Unpredictable War in the South
The Final Campaign
Winning the Peace
Conclusion
Envisioning History Benjamin Franklin: The Diplomat in a
Beaver Hat
The Wider World The Journey of Tom and Sally Peters
Interpreting History “Revoking Those Sacred Trusts Which Are Violated”: Proclaiming Independence in South Carolina, May 1776
8. New Beginnings: The 1780s
Beating Swords into Plowshares
Will the Army Seize Control?
The Society of the Cincinnati
Renaming the Landscape
An Independent Culture
Competing for Control of the Mississippi Valley
Disputed Territory: The Old Southwest
Southern Claims and Indian Resistance
“We Are Now Masters”: The Old Northwest
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Debtor and Creditor, Taxpayer and Bondholder
New Sources of Wealth
“Tumults in New England”
Shay’s Rebellion: The Massachusetts Regulation
Drafting a New Constitution
Philadelphia: A Gathering of Like-Minded Men
Compromise and Consensus
Questions of Representation
Slavery: The Deepest Dilemma
Ratification and the Bill of Rights
The Campaign for Ratification
Dividing and Conquering the Anti-Federalists
Adding a Bill of Rights
Conclusion
Envisioning History “Grand Federal
Processions”
The Wider World John Ledyard’s Wildly Ambitious Plan
Interpreting History Demobilization: “Turned Adrift Like
Old Worn-Out Horses”
9. Revolutionary Legacies, 1789–1803
Competing Political Visions in the New Nation
Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action
Planting the Seeds of Industry
Echoes of the American Revolution: The Whiskey Rebellion
Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home
People of Color: New Freedoms, New Struggles
Blacks in the North
Manumissions in the South
Continuity and Change in the West
Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region
Patterns of Indian Acculturation
Land Speculation and Slavery
Shifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary Era
The Search for Common Ground
Artisan-Politicians and Menial Laborers
“Republican Mothers” and Other Well-Off Women
A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Nonelite Women
The Election of 1800
The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson
Protecting and Expanding the National Interest
Conclusion
Envisioning History President-Elect Washington is Greeted by the Women and Girls of Trenton, New Jersey
The Wider World Comparative Measures of Equality in the Post-Revolutionary World
Interpreting History A Farmer Worries about the Power of “the Few”
Part Four. Expanding the Boundaries of Freedom and Slavery, 1804–1848
10. Defending and Expanding the New Nation, 1804–1818
The British Menace
The Embargo of 1807
On the Brink of War
The War of 1812
Pushing North
Fighting on Many Fronts
An Uncertain Victory
The “Era of Good Feelings”?
Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War
A Thriving Economy
Transformations in the Workplace
The Market Revolution
The Rise of the Cotton Plantation Economy
Regional Economies of the South
Black Family Life and Labor
Resistance to Slavery
Conclusion
Envisioning History A Government Agent Greets a Group of
Creek Indians
The Wider World Which Nations Transported Slaves in 1800?
Interpreting History Cherokee Women Petition Against Further Land Sales to Whites in 1817
11. Society and Politics in the “Age of the Common Man,” 1819–1832
The Politics Behind Western Migration
The Missouri Compromise
Ways West: The Erie Canal
Spreading American Culture–and Slavery
Migration and Its Effects on the Western Environment
The Panic of 1819 and the Plight of Western Debtors
The Monroe Doctrine
Andrew Jackson’s Rise to Power
Federal Authority and Its Opponents
Judicial Federalism and the Limits of Law
The “Tariff of Abominations”
The “Monster Bank”
Americans in the “Age of the Common Man”
Wards, Workers, and Warriors: Native Americans
Slaves and Free People of Color
Legal and Economic Dependence: The Status of Women
Ties That Bound a Growing Population
New Visions of Religious Faith
Literary and Cultural Values in America
Conclusion
Envisioning History A Rowdy Presidential Inauguration
The Wider World The Global Trade in Cotton
Interpreting History Eulalia Perez Describes Her Work in a California Mission
12. Peoples in Motion, 1832–1848
Mass Migrations
Newcomers from Western Europe
The Slave Trade
Trails of Tears
Migrants in the West
Government-Sponsored Exploration
The Oregon Trail
New Places, New Identities
Changes in the Southern Plains
A Multitude of Voices in the National Political Arena
Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837
Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment
Nativists as a Political Force
Reform Impulses
Public Education
Alternative Visions of Social Life
Networks of Reformers
The United States Extends Its Reach
The Lone Star Republic
The Election of 1844
War with Mexico
Conclusion
Envisioning History An Owner Advertises for His Runaway Slave
The Wider World The U.S. and Other Railroad Networks Compared
Interpreting History Senator John C. Calhoun Warns Against Incorporating Mexico into the United States
Part 5. Disunion and Reunion
13. The Crisis over Slavery, 1848–1860
Regional Economies and Conflicts
Native American Economies Transformed
Land Conflicts in the Southwest
Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest
Regional Economies of the South
A Free Labor Ideology in the North
Individualism Versus Group Identity
Putting into Practice Ideas of Social Inferiority
“A Teeming Nation”—America in Literature
Challenges to Individualism
The Paradox of Southern Political Power
The Party System in Disarray
The Compromise of 1850
Expansionism and Political Upheaval
The Republican Alliance
The Deepening Conflict over Slavery
The Rising Tide of Violence
The Dred Scott Decision
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860
Conclusion
Envisioning History An Artist Renders County Election Day in the 1850s
The Wider World When Was Slavery Abolished?
Interpreting History Professor Howe on the Subordination of Women
14. “To Fight to Gain a Country”: The Civil War
Mobilization for War, 1861–1862
The Secession Impulse
Preparing to Fight
Barriers to Southern Mobilization
Indians in the Service of the Confederacy
The Ethnic Confederacy
The Course of War, 1862–1864
The Republicans’ War
The Ravages of War
The Emancipation Proclamation
Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy
The Other War: African American Struggles for Liberation
The Unfolding of Freedom
Enemies Within the Confederacy
The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice
Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863
Disaffection in the Confederacy
The Tide Turns Against the South
Civil Unrest in the North
The Desperate South
The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865
“Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians
“Father Abraham”
Sherman’s March from Atlanta to the Sea
The Last Days of the Confederacy
Conclusion
Interpreting History A Virginia Slaveholder Objects to the Impressment of Slaves
Envisioning History A Civil War Encampment
The Wider World Deaths of Americans in Principal Wars, 1775-1991
15. Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865–1877
The Struggle over the South
Wartime Preludes to Postwar Policies
Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867
The Southern Postwar Labor Problem
Building Free Communities
Landscapes and Soundscapes of Freedom
Congressional Reconstruction: The Radicals’ Plan
The Remarkable Career of Blanche K. Bruce
Claiming Territory for the Union
Federal Military Campaigns Against Western Indians
The Postwar Western Labor Problem
Land Use in an Expanding Nation
Buying Territory for the Union
The Republican Vision and Its Limits
Postbellum Origins of the Woman Suffrage Movement
Workers’ Organizations
Political Corruption and the Decline of Republican Idealism
Conclusion
Envisioning History Two Artists Memorialize the Battle of Little Big Horn
The Wider World When Did Women Get the Vote?Interpreting History A Southern Labor Contract
Part Six. The Emergence of Modern America,
1877–1900
16. Standardizing the Nation: Innovations in Technology, Business, and Culture, 1877–1890
The New Shape of Business
New Systems and Machines—and Their Price
Alterations in the Natural Environment
Innovations in Financing and Organizing Business
Immigrants: New Labor Supplies for a New Economy
Efficient Machines, Efficient People
The Birth of a National Urban Culture
Economic Sources of Urban Growth
Building the Cities
Local Government Gets Bigger
Thrills, Chills, and Bathtubs: The Emergence of Consumer Culture
Shows and Sports as Spectacles
Entertainment Collides with Tradition
“Palaces of Consumption”
Defending the New Industrial Order
The Contradictory Politics of Laissez-Faire
Social Darwinism and the “Natural” State of Society
Conclusion
Envisioning History What Every Woman Wants: An Ad for a Bathtub
The Wider World Some Major Inventions of the Late Nineteenth Century
Interpreting History Andrew Carnegie and the “Gospel of Wealth”
17. Challenges to Government and Corporate Power, 1877–1890
Resistance to Legal and Military Authority
Chinese Lawsuits in California
Blacks in the “New South”
“Jim Crow” in the West
The Ghost Dance on the High Plains
Revolt in the Workplace
Trouble on the Farm
Militancy in the Factories and Mines
The Haymarket Bombing
Crosscurrents of Reform
The Goal of Indian Assimilation
Transatlantic Networks of Reform
Women Reformers: “Beginning to Burst the Bonds”
Conclusion
Envisioning History Jacob Riis Photographs Immigrants on the Lower East Side of New York City
The Wider World The Jewish Diaspora
Interpreting History “Albert Parsons’s Plea for Anarchy”
18. Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of Depression and War: The 1890s
Frontiers at Home, Lost and Found
Claiming and Managing the Land
The Tyranny of Racial Categories
New Roles for Schools
Connections Between Mind and Behavior
The Search for Domestic Political Alliances
Class Conflict
Rise and Demise of the Populists
Barriers to a U.S. Workers’ Political Movement
Challenges to Traditional Gender Roles
American Imperialism
Cultural Encounters with the Exotic
Initial Imperialist Ventures
The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War of 1898
Critics of Imperialism
Conclusion
Envisioning History Housing Interiors and the Display of Wealth
The Wider World The Age of Imperialism, 1870-1914
Interpreting History Proceedings of the Congressional Committee on the Philippines
Part Seven. Reform at Home, Revolution Abroad, 1900–1929
19. Visions of the Modern Nation: The Progressive Era, 1900–1912
Expanding National Power
Theodore Roosevelt: The “Rough Rider” as President
Reaching Across the Globe
Protecting and Preserving the Natural World
William Howard Taft: The One-Term Progressive
Immigration: Visions of a Better Life
Land of Newcomers
The Southwest: Mexican Borderlands
Asian Immigration and the Impact of Exclusion
Newcomers from Southern and Eastern Europe
Reformers and Radicals
Muckraking, Moral Reform, and Vice Crusades
Women’s Suffrage
Radical Politics and the Labor Movement
Resistance to Racism
Work, Science, and Leisure
The Uses and Abuses of Science
Scientific Management and Mass Production
New Amusements
“Sex O’Clock in America”
Artists Respond to the New Era
Conclusion
Envisioning History Resisting Eugenics: A Political Cartoon
20. War and Revolution, 1912–1920
A World and a Nation in Upheaval
The Apex of European Conquest
Confronting Revolutions in Asia and Europe
Influencing the Political Order in Latin America
Conflicts over Race and Ethnicity at Home
Women’s Challenges
Workers and Owners Clash
American Neutrality and Domestic Reform
“The One Great Nation at Peace”
Reform Priorities at Home
The Great Migration
Limits to American Neutrality
The United States Goes to War
The Logic of Belligerency
Mobilizing the Home Front
Ensuring Unity at Home
Joining the War in Europe
The Russian Revolution and the War in the East
The Struggle to Win the Peace
Peacemaking and the Versailles Treaty
Waging Counterrevolution Abroad
The Red and Black Scares at Home
Conclusion
Envisioning History Political Cartoons and Wartime Dissent
The Wider World Casualties of the Great War, 1914-1918
Interpreting History Sex and Citizenship
21. All That Jazz: The 1920s
The Decline of Progressive Reform and the Business of Politics
Women’s Rights After the Struggle for Suffrage
Prohibition: The Experiment That Failed
Reactionary Impulses
Marcus Garvey and the Persistence of Civil Rights Activism
Warren G. Harding: The Politics of Scandal
Calvin Coolidge: The Hands-Off President
Herbert Hoover: The Self-Made President
Hollywood and Harlem: National Cultures in Black and White
Hollywood Comes of Age
The Harlem Renaissance
Radios and Autos: Transforming Leisure at Home
Science on Trial
The Great Flood of 1927
The Triumph of Eugenics: Buck v. Bell
Science, Religion, and the Scopes Trial
Consumer Dreams and Nightmares
Marketing the Good Life
Writers, Critics, and the “Lost Generation”
Poverty Amid Plenty
The Stock Market Crash
Conclusion
Envisioning History Selling Treats in the Los Angeles Suburbs
The Wider World Global Hollywood
Interpreting History F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby
Part Eight. From Depression and War to World Power, 1929–1953
22. Hardship and Hope: The Great Depression of the 1930s
The Great Depression
Causes of the Crisis
Surviving Hard Times
Enduring Discrimination
The Dust Bowl
Presidential Responses to the Depression
Herbert Hoover: Failed Efforts
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Pragmatist
Eleanor Roosevelt: Activist and First Lady
“Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself”
The New Deal
The First Hundred Days
Monumental Projects Transforming the Landscape
Protest and Pressure from the Left and the Right
The Second New Deal
FDR’s Second Term
A New Political Culture
The Labor Movement
The New Deal Coalition
A New Americanism
Conclusion
Envisioning History In the Shadow of the American Dream
The Wider World The Great Depression in North America and Western Europe
Interpreting History Songs of the Great Depression
23. Global Conflict: World War II, 1937–1945
The United States Enters the War
Fascist Aggression in Europe and Asia
The “Great Debate” over Intervention
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japanese American Relocation
Foreign Nationals in the United States
Wartime Migrations
Total War
The Holocaust
The War in Europe
The War in the Pacific
The Home Front
Propaganda and Morale
Home Front Workers, Rosie the Riveter, and Victory Girls
Racial Tensions at Home and the “Double V” Campaign
The End of the War
The Manhattan Project
Planning for the Postwar Era
Victory in Europe and the Pacific
Conclusion
Envisioning History The Limits of Racial Tolerance
The Wider World Casualties of World War
II
Interpreting History Zelda Webb Anderson, “You Just Met One Who Does Not Know How to Cook”
24. Cold War and Hot War, 1945–1953
The Uncertainties of Victory
Global Destruction
Vacuums of Power
Postwar Transition to Peacetime Life
Challenging Racial Discrimination
Class Conflict Between Owners and Workers
The Quest for Security
Redefining National Security
Conflict with the Soviet Union
The Policy of Containment
Colonialism and the Cold War
The Impact of Nuclear Weapons
American Security and Asia
The Chinese Civil War
The Creation of the National Security State
At War in Korea
A Cold War Society
Family Lives
The Growth of the South and the West
Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform
Cold War Politics at Home
Who Is a Loyal American?
Conclusion
Envisioning History The Unity of
Communists?
The Wider World The Most Populous Urban Areas
Interpreting History NSC-68
Part Nine. The Cold War at Full Tide, 1953–1979
25. Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares, 1953–1963
Cold War, Warm Hearth
Consumer Spending and the Suburban Ideal
Race, Class, and Domesticity
Women: Back to the Future
Mobilizing for Peace and the Environment
The Civil Rights Movement
Brown v. Board of Education
White Resistance, Black Persistence
Boycotts and Sit-Ins
The Eisenhower Years
The Middle of the Road
Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Cultural Diplomacy
Outsiders and Opposition
The Kennedy Era
Kennedy’s Domestic Policy
Kennedy’s Foreign Policy
1963: A Year of Turning Points
Conclusion
Envisioning History The Family Fallout Shelter
The Wider World The Distribution of Wealth
Interpreting History Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
26. The Vietnam War and Social Conflict, 1964–1971
Lyndon Johnson and the Apex of Liberalism
The New President
The Great Society: Fighting Poverty and Discrimination
The Great Society: Improving the Quality of Life
The Liberal Warren Court
Into War in Vietnam
The Vietnamese Revolution and the United States
Johnson’s War
Americans in Southeast Asia
1968: The Turning Point
“The Movement”
From Civil Rights to Black Power
The New Left and the Struggle Against the War
Cultural Rebellion and the Counterculture
Women’s Liberation
The Many Fronts of Liberation
The Conservative Response
Backlashes
The Turmoil of 1968 at Home
The Nixon Administration
Escalating and Deescalating in Vietnam
Conclusion
Envisioning History Pop Art
The Wider World Military Expenditures, 1966
Interpreting History Martin Luther King Jr. and the Vietnam War
27. Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972–1979
Twin Shocks: Détente and Watergate
Triangular Diplomacy
Scandal in the White House
The Nation After Watergate
Discovering the Limits of the U.S. Economy
The End of the Long Boom
The Oil Embargo
The Environmental Movement
Reshuffling Politics
Congressional Power Reasserted
Jimmy Carter: “I Will Never Lie to You”
Rise of a Peacemaker
The War on Waste
Pressing for Equality
The Meanings of Women’s Liberation
New Opportunities in Education, the Workplace, and Family Life
Equality Under the Law
Backlash
Integration and Group Identity
Conclusion
Envisioning History U.S. Dependence on Petroleum Imports
The Wider World Conservative Religious Resurgence in the 1970s
Interpreting History The Church Committee and CIA Covert Operations
Part Ten. Global Connections, at Home and Abroad, 1979–2007
28. The Cold War Returns—and Ends, 1979–1991
Anticommunism Revived
Iran and Afghanistan
The Conservative Victory of 1980
Renewing the Cold War
Republican Rule at Home
“Reaganomics”
The Environment Contested
The Affluence Gap
Cultural Conflict
The Rise of the Religious Right
Dissenters Push Back
The New Immigrants
The End of the Cold War
From Cold War to Détente
The Iran-Contra Scandal
A Global Police?
Conclusion
Envisioning History The Mall of America
The Wider World Global Immigration in the 1980s
Interpreting History Religion and Politics in the
1980s
29. Post–Cold War America, 1991–2000
The Economy: Global and Domestic
The Post–Cold War Economy
The Widening Gap Between Rich and Poor
Service Workers and Labor Unions
Industry versus the Environment
Tolerance and Its Limits
The Los Angeles Riots: “We Can All Get Along”
Values in Conflict
Courtroom Dramas: Clarence Thomas and O. J. Simpson
The Changing Face of Diversity
The Clinton Years
The 1992 Election
Clinton’s Domestic Agenda and the “Republican Revolution”
The Impeachment Crisis
Trade, Peacemaking, and Military Intervention
Terrorism and Danger at Home and Abroad
The Contested Election of 2000
The Campaign, the Vote, and the Courts
The Aftermath
Legacies of Election 2000
Conclusion
Envisioning History The Great American Voting Machine
The Wider World How Much Do the World’s CEOs Make Compared to Workers?
Interpreting History Vermont Civil Union Law
30. A Global Nation in the New Millennium
George W. Bush and War in the Middle East
The President and the “War on Terror”
Security and Politics at Home
Into War in Iraq
The Election of 2004 and the Second Bush Administration
The American Place in a Global Economy
The Logic and Technology of Globalization
Free Trade and the Global Assembly Line
Who Benefits from Globalization?
The Stewardship of Natural Resources
Ecological Transformations
Pollution
Environmentalism and Its Limitations
The Expansion of American Popular Culture Abroad
A Culture of Diversity and Entertainment
U.S. Influence Abroad Since the Cold War
Resistance to American Popular Culture
Identity in Contemporary America
Negotiating Multiple Identities
Social Change and Abiding Discrimination
Still an Immigrant Society
Conclusion
Envisioning History Where Is the West?
The Wider World Capital Punishment, Abolition and Use
Interpreting History The “War on Terror”
Appendix
The Declaration of Independence
The Article of Confederation
The Constitution of the United States of America
Amendments to the Constitution
Presidential Elections
Glossary
Credits
Index
Maps
Endpapers
Front: The United States
Back: Present Day World
With its sweeping, inclusive view of American history, Created Equal emphasizes social history—including the lives and labors of women, immigrants, working people, and minorities in all regions of the country—while delivering the familiar chronology of political and economic history. By integrating the stories of a variety of groups and individuals into the historical narrative, Created Equal helps connect the nation’s past with the student’s present.
Created Equal explores an expanding notion of equality and American identity—one that encompasses the stories of diverse groups of people, territorial growth and expansion, the rise of the middle class, technological innovation and economic development, and engagement with other nations and peoples of the world.
Jacqueline Jones was born in Christiana, Delaware, a small town of 400 people in the northern part of the state. The local public school was desegregated in 1955, when she was a third grader. That event, combined with the peculiar social etiquette of relations between blacks and whites in the town, sparked her interest in American history. She attended the University of Delaware in nearby Newark and went on to graduate study at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where she received her Ph.D. in history. Her scholarly interests have evolved over time, focusing on American labor and women's, African American, and southern history. She teaches American history at Brandeis University, where she is Harry S. Truman Professor. In 1999, she received a MacArthur Fellowship. Dr. Jones is the author of several books, including Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks (1980); Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and Family Since Slavery (1985), which won the Bancroft Prize and was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize; The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses Since the Civil War (1992); and American Work: Four Centuries of Black and White Labor (1998). In 2001, she published a memoir that recounts her childhood in Christiana: Creek Walking: Growing Up in Delaware in the 1950s. She recently completed a book titled Savannah's Civil War, which spans the period 1854 to 1872 and chronicles the strenuous but largely thwarted efforts of black people in lowcountry Georgia to achieve economic opportunity and full citizenship rights during and after the Civil War. Peter H. Wood was born in St. Louis (before the famous arch was built). He recalls seeing Jackie Robinson play against the Cardinals, visiting the courthouse where the Dred Scott case originated, and traveling up the Mississippi to Hannibal, birthplace of Mark Twain. Summer work on the northern Great Lakes aroused his interest in Native American cultures, past and present. He studied at Harvard (B.A., 1964; Ph.D., 1972) and at Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar (1964-1966). His pioneering book Black Majority (1974), concerning slavery in colonial South Carolina, won the Beveridge Prize of the American Historical Association. Since 1975, he has taught early American history and Native American history at Duke University. The topics of his articles range from the French explorer LaSalle to Gerald Ford's pardon of Richard Nixon. He has written a short overview of early African Americans, entitled Strange New Land, and he has appeared in several related films on PBS. He has published two books about the famous American painter Winslow Homer and coedited Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast (revised, 2007). His demographic essay in that volume provided the first clear picture of population change in the eighteenth-century South. Dr. Wood has served on the boards of the Highlander Center, Harvard University, Houston's Rothko Chapel, and the Institute of Early American History and Culture in Williamsburg. He is married to colonial historian Elizabeth Fenn. His varied interests include archaeology, documentary film, and growing gourds. He keeps a baseball bat used by Ted Williams beside his desk. Thomas ("Tim") Borstelmann, the son of a university psychologist, grew up in North Carolina as the youngest child in a family deeply interested in history. His formal education came at Durham Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, Stanford University (A.B., 1980), and Duke University (Ph.D., 1990). Informally, he was educated on the basketball courts of the South, the rocky shores of new England, the streets of Dublin, Ireland, the museums of Florence, Italy, and the high-country trails of the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. He taught history at Cornell University from 1991 to 2003, when he moved to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln to become the first E. N. and Katherine Thompson Distinguished Professor of Modern World History. Since 1988 he has been married to Lynn Borstelmann, a nurse and hospital administrator, and his highest priority for almost two decades has been serving as the primary parent for their two sons. He is an avid cyclist, runner, swimmer, and skier. Dr. Borstelmann's first book, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold Ward (1993), won the Stuart L. Bernath Book Prize of the Society for Historians of Foreign Relations. His second book, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena, appeared in 2001. At Cornell he won a major teaching award, the Robert and Helen Appel Fellowship. He is currently working on a book about the United States and the world in the 1970s. Elaine Tyler May grew up in the shadow of Hollywood, performing in neighborhood circuses with her friends. Her passion for American history developed in college when she spent her junior year in Japan. The year was 1968. The Vietnam War was raging, along with turmoil at home. As an American in Asia, often called on to explain her nation's actions, she yearned for a deeper understanding of America's past and its place in the world. She returned home to study history at UCLA, where she earned her B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. She has taught at Princeton and Harvard Universities and since 1978 at the University of Minnesota, where she was recently named Regents professor. She has written four books examining the relationship between politics, public policy, and private life. Her widely acclaimed Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era was the first study to link the baby boom and suburbia to the politics of the Cold War. The Chronicle of Higher Education featuredBarren in the Promis4ed Land: Childless Americans and the Pursuit of Happiness as a pioneering study of the history of reproduction. Lingua Franca named her coedited volume Here, there, and Everywhere: The Foreign Politics of American Popular Culture a "Breakthrough Book." Dr. May served as president of the American Studies Association in 1996 and as Distinguished Fulbright Professor of American History in Dublin, Ireland, in 1997. In 2007 she became president-elect of the Organization of American Historians. She is married to historian Lary May and has three children, who have inherited their parents' passion for history. Vicki L. Ruiz is a professor of history and Chicano/Latino studies and interim Dean for the School of Humanities at the university of California, Irvine. For her, history remains a grand adventure, one that she began at the kitchen table, listening to the stories of her mother and grandmother, and continued with the help of the local bookmobile. She read constantly as she sat on the dock, catching small fish ("grunts") to be used as bait on her father's fishing boat. As she grew older, she was promoted to working with her mother, selling tickets for the Blue Sea II. The first in her family to receive an advanced degree, she graduated from Gulf Coast Community College and Florida State University, then went on to earn a Ph.D. in history at Stanford in 1982. She is the author of Cannery Women, Cannery Lives and From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in 20th-Century America (named a Choice Outstanding Academic Book of 1998 by the American Library Association). She and Virginia Sanchez Korrol have coedited Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia (named a 2007 Best in Reference work by the New York Public Library). Active in student mentorship projects, summer institutes for teachers, and public humanities programs, Dr. Ruiz served as an appointee to the National Council of the Humanities. In 2006 she became and elected fellow of the Society of American Historians. She is the past president of the Organization of American Historians and the Berkshire Conference on the History of Women and currently serves and president of the American Studies Association. The mother of two grown sons, she is married to Victor Becerra, urban planner, community activist, and gourmet cook extraordinaire.
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