Table of Contents

List of abbreviations x Dedication xii Acknowledgments xii Preface xiii ROBERT CHAMBERS AND PAUL RICHARDS Introduction xv THE EDITORS PART I INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS 1. Ethnobotanical Knowledge Systems - A resource for meeting rural development goals 1 JANISB. ALCORN 2. Taman Obat Keluarga (TOGA): Indigenous Indonesian medicine for self-reliance 13 L. JAN SLIKKERVEER AND MADY K.L. SLIKKERVEER 3. Neem in Niger: A new context for a system of indigenous knowledge 35 EDWARD B. RADCLIFFE, GREGOIRE OUEDRAOGO, SONIA E. PATTEN, DAVID W. RAGSDALE AND PETER P. STRZOK 4. The Lari Soils Project in Peru - A methodology for combining cognitive and behavioural research 71 DAVID W. GUILLET, LOU ANN A FURBEE, JON SAN DOR AND ROBERT BENFER 5. Indigenous Soil Classification Systems in Northern Zambia 82 CAROL KERVEN, HILDE DOLVA AND RAGNHILD RENNA 6. Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Agroforestry Projects in the Central Hills of Nepal 88 ERIC P. RUSTEN AND MICHAEL A. GOLD 7. Indigenous Communication and Indigenous Knowledge 112 PAUL A. MUNDYANDJ. LIN COMPTON 8. Incorporating Farmers' Knowledge in International Rice Research 124 SAM FUJISAKA PART II INDIGENOUS DECISION-MAKING SYSTEMS 9. Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management 140 H. DAVID THURSTON AND JOANNE M. PARKER 10. Indigenous Knowledge and Famine Relief in the Horn of Africa 147 PETER J.C. WALKER vi The cultural dimension of development 11. Indigenous Decision-making in Agriculture - A reflection of gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines 155 VIRGINIA D. NAZAREA-SANDOVAL 12. Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka - An indigenous system for reclaiming deforested land 174 YVONNE EVERETT 13. Indigenous Decision-making Systems - A key in understanding structural change in American agriculture 185 ROBERTZABAWA AND CHRISTINA H. CLADWIN 14. Indigenous Taxonomies and Decisioiwnaking Systems of Rice Farmers in South India 202 BHAKTHAVATSALAM RAJASEKARAN AND D. MICHAEL WARREN 15. Expert Systems for Indigenous Knowledge in Crop Varietal Selection 211 SURESH CHANDRA BABU, D. MICHAEL WARREN AND BHAKTHAVATSALAM RAJASEKARAN 16. Como Se Cura: Patterns of medical choice among working class families in the city of Oaxaca, Mexico 218 MICHAEL B. WHITEFORD PART III INDIGENOUS ORGANISATIONS 17. Local Traditions and Community Forestry Management: A view from Nepal 231 DONALD A. MESSERSCHMIDT 18. Indigenous Systems of Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa 245 MARYAM NIAMIR 19. A Socioecological Analysis of Balinese Water Temples 258 /. STEPHEN LANSING AND JAMES N. KREMER 20. Kpelle Farming through Kpelle Eyes 269 JOHN GAY 21. Use of Local Knowledge in Managing the Niger River Fisheries Project 286 THOMAS L. PRICE PART IV INDIGENOUS EXPERIMENTATION AND INNOVATIONS 22. Farmers Who Experiment: An untapped resource for agricultural research and development 296 ROBERTRHOADES AND ANTHONY BEBBINGTON Contents vii 23. Phytopractices: Indigenous horticultural approaches to plant cultivation and improvement in tropical regions 308 YILDIZ AUMEERUDDY 24. Farmer Know-how and Communication for Technology Transfer: CTTA in Niger 323 CONSTANCE M. McCORKLE AND GAIL McCLURE 25. A Trans-local Adaptation of Indigenous Knowledge in Duck Farming in Indonesia 333 PATRICIA J. VON DAL 26. Tinker, Tiller, Technical Change: Peoples' technology and innovation off the farm 340 MATTHEW GAMSER AND HELEN APPLETON 27. Using Indigenous Knowledge Systems in the Design of On-farm Experiments - A Philippine case 348 CLIVE LIGHTFOOT 28. Taking Farmers' Knowledge and Technology Seriously: Upland rice production in the Philippines 354 SAM FUJISAKA 29. Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali 371 ALISON AYERS 30. Using Indigenous Knowledge in a Subsistence Society of Sudan 385 ROGER W. SHARLAND 31. Kpelle Steelmaking: An indigenous high technology in Liberia 396 GORDON C. THOMASSON 32. Survival under Stress: Socioecological perspectives on farmers' innovations and risk adjustments 407 ANIL K. GUPTA 33. Transfer of Indigenous Knowledge and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa 419 KEESJ. STIGTER PART V INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE 34. CIKARD: A global approach to documenting indigenous knowledge for development 426 D. MICHAEL WARREN AND GERARD McKlERNAN 35. LEAD: The Leiden Ethnosystems and Development Programme 435 L. JANSLIKKERVEER AND WIM H.J.C. DECHERING viii The cultural dimension of development 36. CIRAN: Networking for indigenous knowledge 441 GUUS W. VON LIEBENSTEIN, L. JANSLIKKERVEER AND D. MICHAEL WARREN 37. IUCN and Indigenous Peoples: How to promote sustainable development 445 JEFFREY A. McNEELY 38. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Rapid Rural Appraisal for Indigenous Sustainable Agriculture 451 JENNIFER McCRACKEN 39. Agricultural Development with a Focus on Local Resources: ILEIA's view on indigenous knowledge 454 BERTUSHAVERKORT 40. The Latin American Consortium on Agroecology and Development (CLADES) - Fostering rural development based on indigenous knowledge 458 MIGUEL A. ALTIERIAND ANDRES YURJEVIC 41. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme 464 MALCOLM HAD LEY AND KATHRIN SCHRECKENBERG 42. Sustainable Development and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Nigeria: The role of the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER) 475 ADEDOTUN O. PHILLIPS AND S. OGUNTUNJI TITILOLA 43. The Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia (REPPIKA) 479 JUAN M. FLA VIER, ANTONIO DE JESUS AND CONRADO S. NA VARRO PART VI BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAYS ON INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS 44. Ethnoveterinary Medicine and Development - A review of the literature 488 EVELYNMATHIAS-MUNDYAND CONSTANCEM. McCORKLE 45. Indigenous Knowledge as Reflected in Agriculture and Rural Development 499 S. OGUNTUNJI TIT/LOLA AND DAVID MARSDEN 46. From Ecology through Economics to Ethnoscience: Changing perceptions on natural resource management 505 OLIVIA N. MUCHENA AND ERIC VANEK 47. INDAKS: A bibliography and database on indigenous agricultural knowledge systems and sustainable development in the tropics 512 L. JAN SLIKKERVEER Bibliography 517 Index 579

About the Author

Professor Dennis Michael Warren was an anthropologist and leading Africanist scholar who taught at Iowa State University from 1972 to1997. Professor Warren was especially interested in indigenous knowledge and rural development in Africa. His interest in indigenous knowledge led him to the study of art, culture, the rural economy and traditional healing in Ghana and Nigeria and to comparative studies of other societies. David W. Brokensha is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology and Environmental Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.