Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Measuring Democracy: From Optimism about Progress to Democratic Backsliding

3. The Ideology of Populism and the New Cleavage

4. The Crisis of Representation and Alienated Democracy

5. Crises in Democracy

6. Opportunities and Dangers

7. Democratic Action in the Face of Regression

Notes

Bibliography

Index

About the Author

Armin Schäfer is Professor of Political Science at the University of Mainz.

Michael Zürn is Professor of International Relations at the Free University of Berlin.