I Flavor Chemistry.- 1 Flavor and Its Study.- A. Sample Preparation.- B. Isolation of Food Flavors.- C. Concentration of Dilute Organic and Aqueous Flavor Isolates.- D. Flavor Analysis by Direct Injection.- E. Gas Chromatography.- F. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography.- G. Identification of Volatile Flavors.- H. Summary.- References.- 2 Biogenesis of Flavor in Fruits and Vegetables.- A. Biogenesis of Fruit Aroma.- B. Biogenesis of Vegetable Aroma.- C. Location of Flavor in Plant.- D. Influence of Genetics, Nutrition, Environment Maturity and Storage on Development of Flavor.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Changes in Food Flavor Due to Processing.- A. Nonenzymatic Browning.- B. Flavors from Lipids.- C. Flavors Formed via Fermentation.- References.- 4 Off-Flavors in Foods.- A. Environmental Contamination.- B. Off-Flavors Due to Genetics or Diet.- C. Off-Flavors Due to Chemical Changes in the Food.- D. Microbial Off-Flavors.- E. Summary.- References.- II Flavor Technology.- 5 Flavors and Flavoring Materials.- A. Flavorings in Foods.- B. Added Flavorings.- C. Compounded Flavorings.- D. Flavoring Materials.- E. The Flavor Industry.- F. Relationships between the Food and Flavor Manufacturers.- G. Selection of Flavoring Materials.- References.- 6 Flavoring Materials of natural Origin.- A. natural Flavors and Flavoring: Definitions.- B. Sources of Natural Flavoring Materials.- C. Herbs and Spices.- D. Plants as Sources of Essential Oils.- E. Fruit Fruit Juices and Concentrates.- F. Vanilla.- G. Beverage Flavors.- H. Aromatic Vegetables.- References.- 7 Flavoring Materials Made by Processing.- A. natural Products Made by Roasting: Cocoa/Chocolate.- B. Reaction Flavors: Imitation Meat Flavors.- C. Enzymatically Derived Flavorings: Butter, Cheese.- D. Flavors Made by Fermentation.- E. Biotechnology: Production of Aroma Chemicals.- F. Flavors Made by Pyrolysis: Smoke Flavors.- References.- 8 Synthetic Flavoring Materials.- A. Imitation Flavorings: Matching Mature.- B. Classification of Flavorants by Molecular Structure.- C. Threshold Values.- D. Sensory Characters of Organics.- E. Solvents.- F. nomenclature of Organic Chemicals.- References.- 9 Flavor Potentiators.- A. Chemical Properties.- B. Sensory Properties.- C. Flavor Potentiators in Foods.- D. Toxicity.- E. Other Potentiators.- References.- 10 Flavorists and Flavor Creation.- A. The Flavorist.- B. Working Environment.- C. Flavor Creation.- D. Flavor Development in End Products.- E. Sensory Assessment.- F. Conclusion.- References.- 11 Flavor Production.- A. Liquid Flavorings.- B. Emulsions.- C. Dry Flavorings.- References.- 12 Application of Flavorings in Food Processing.- A. Flavors in Foods.- B. Achieving Flavor Balance.- C Criteria for Application of Flavorings.- D. Available Flavorings.- E. Processing Parameters.- F. Specific Flavoring Applications.- G. Conclusion.- References.- Additional Reading.- 13 Flavors and the Law.- A. Need for Legislation.- B. Mature of Flavoring Ingredients.- C. Systems of Flavor Legislation.- D. Flavor Legislation in the United States.- E. Flavor Legislation in Europe.- F. Labeling of Flavors.- References.- 14 Quality Control.- A. Analytical Tests.- B. Sensory Analysis.- References.
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