Table of Contents

List of Contributors xix


1 Introduction 1
Graham J. Towl and David A. Crighton


Justice 2


Expert Controversies 3


Thinking about Human Rights and Ethics 4


Developmental Perspectives 5


Investigation and Prosecution Issues 8


Psychological Assessment 8


Critical Psychology 9


Substance Use 11


Early Intervention 11


Justice Restored 12


References 12


PART I Investigative Practic e 15


2 The Justice System in England and Wales: A Case Study 17
David Faulkner


What Justice Means 17


The Criminal Justice System 17


What is a Crime? 18


Measurement of Crime 19


The Criminal Justice Process 19


The Sentencing Framework 21


The Criminal Courts 22


Police and Policing 23


The Crown Prosecution Service 24


Prisons and the Prison Service 24


Probation 25


Youth Justice 25


Home Office 26


Ministry of Justice 26


Law Officers 27


Other National Bodies 27


Some Special Subjects 27


Conclusions 29


Notes 29


Further Reading 30


References 30


3 Offender Profiling 33
David A. Crighton


Introduction 33


Historical Development 33


Approaches to Offender Profiling 35


Recent Developments 36


Profiling Databases 37


The Evidence Base for Profiling 37


Practice Issues 40


Conclusions 41


Notes 42


Further Reading 42


References 42


4 Eyewitness Testimony 45
Lorraine Hope


Eyewitness Identification Performance 45


The Witnessed Event 46


Between the Witnessed Event and Identification Task 49


Intermediate Recognition Tasks 50


Identifications from CCTV 53


Procedural Guidelines Relating to Suspect Identification in the United Kingdom 55


The Eyewitness in Court 56


Conclusions 57


Further Reading 57


References 58


5 Jury Decision]Making 65
Andreas Kapardis


Introduction: The Jury Idea 65


The Notion of an Impartial and Fair Jury: A Critical Appraisal 66


Methods for Studying Juries/Jurors 67


Selecting Jurors 68


Pre-Trial Publicity 69


Juror Competence 70


Hung Juries 73


Models of Jury Decision]Making 73


Reforming the Jury to Remedy Some of its Problems 73


Alternatives to Trial by Jury 73


Conclusions 74


Notes 74


Further Reading 75


References 75


6 Assessment 81
David A. Crighton


Conceptual Issues in Assessment 81


Assessment 84


Data Gathering 88


Data Analysis 90


Clinical Judgements and Biases 92


Conclusions 93


Notes 94


Further Reading 94


References 94


7 Risk Assessment 97
David A. Crighton


Key Legal Issues 97


Key Principles in Risk Assessment 98


Risk Assessment Instruments 100


Critical Issues in Risk Assessment 103


Conclusions 107


Notes 108


Further Reading 108


References 109


PART II Working with Offending Populati ons 113


8 The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic Applications 115
Robert A. Schug, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Melissa Peskin, Yaling Yang and Adrian Raine


The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research 115


Genetics 116


Neuroimaging 116


Neurology 118


Neuropsychology 119


Psychophysiology 121


Endocrinology 123


Moral Development 124


Nutrition 124


Forensic Applications of Developmental Neurobiological Research 125


Conclusions 128


Further Reading 129


References 129


9 The Developmental Evidence Base: Prevention 141
David P. Farrington


Introduction 141


Family]Based Prevention 143


School]Based Prevention 145


Peer Programmes 148


Skills Training 149


Communities that Care 150


Recent UK Developments 151


Conclusions 152


Further Reading 154


References 154


10 The Developmental Evidence Base: Psychosocial Research 161
David P. Farrington


Introduction 161


Individual Factors 163


Family Factors 166


Social Factors 171


School Influences 172


Community Influences 173


Conclusions 174


Further Reading 174


References 175


11 The Developmental Evidence Base: Desistance 183
Lila Kazemian and David P. Farrington


Current State of Knowledge on Desistance 183


Unresolved Issues in Desistance Research 190


Conclusions 193


Further Reading 194


References 194


12 Crisis Negotiation 201
David A. Crighton


Conceptual Issues in Crisis Negotiation 201


To Negotiate or Not to Negotiate 204


Goals of Crisis Negotiation 204


Crisis Negotiation and Terrorism 206


Applying Principled Negotiation during Terrorist Incidents 207


The Process of Negotiation with Terrorists 208


The Experience of Hostages 208


Crisis Negotiation–The Evidence 209


Conclusions 211


Notes 211


Further Reading 212


References 212


13 Aspects of Diagnosed Mental Illness and Offending 215
David Pilgrim


The Social Context of Rule Transgressions: Normal and Abnormal Offenders 215


Overlaps and Tensions between Psychiatric and Psychological Knowledge 217


Psychological and Psychiatric Approaches to Mental Illness in Forensic Settings 220


The Problematic Relationship between Diagnosed Mental Illness and Risk 221


Conclusions 223


Further Reading 224


References 224


14 Intellectual Disability: Assessment 227
William R. Lindsay and John L. Taylor


The Context of Practice in Forensic Learning Disabilities 227


Mental Health Legislation 228


Learning Disability and Crime 229


Applications of Psychology to Processes within the Justice System 235


Working with Offenders with ID 237


Conclusions on Assessment 244


Further Reading 245


References 245


15 Intellectual Disability: Treatment and Management 253
William R. Lindsay, John L. Taylor and Amanda Michie


Treatment for Specific Needs 254


Conclusions 260


Further Reading 261


References 261


16 Personality Disorders: Assessment and Treatment 265
Conor Duggan and Richard Howard


Issues Surrounding the Concept of PD 265


Measures of Interpersonal Style 270


Practical Considerations 271


Summary: Assessment of PD 271


Procedural Recommendations in Assessing PD 272


Treatment of PD: Some Caveats 272


Treatment Issues 273


Current Issues in the Assessment and Treatment of PD 275


Notes 276


Further Reading 276


References 277


17 Personality Disorders: Their Relation to Offending 281
Richard Howard and Conor Duggan


Is Personality Disorder Linked to Offending? 281


How is Personality Disorder Linked to Violence? 282


Is ‘Psychopathy’ Related to Violence? 283


Towards a Model of Personality Disorder and Violence 285


Notes 287


Further Reading 287


References 288


18 Beyond ‘Disorder’: A Psychological Model of Mental Health and Well-Being 291
Peter Kinderman


Drop the Language of Disorder 291


‘Oppositional Defiant Disorder’ … Really? 293


Moving Beyond the Concept of ‘Abnormality’ 294


There is an Alternative to Diagnosis 295


Operationally Defined Problem Lists 295


The Drugs Do Not Work 296


Pathways to Mental Health 298


A Psychological Model of Mental Health and Well]Being 298


Notes 299


Further Reading 299


References 299


19 Substance Use Disorders 301
Michael Gossop


Consumption Behaviours, Problems and Dependence 301


Drugs and Crime 302


Assessment of Substance Use Disorders 303


Management of Detoxification 303


Treatment 305


Further Complications 309


Notes 311


Further Reading 311


References 312


20 Suicide and Self-Injury in Prisoners 315
Tammi Walker


Context 315


Background 315


The Prison Population and Suicide 316


Suicide in Remand Prisoners 316


Suicide in Sentenced Prisoners 317


Suicide in Young Prisoners 318


Suicide in Released Prisoners 318


Suicide in Women Prisoners 319


Limitations of Suicide Research in Prison Settings 319


Psychosocial and Situational Risk Factors for Suicide Common to Prisons 320


Self-Injury in Prisoners 320


Risk Factors for Self-Injury in the Prison Population 321


Current Interventions and Treatments in Custody 322


Prison Staff Responses to Prisoners at Risk of Harm to Self 323


Conclusion 324


Further Reading 325


References 325


21 Working with Children and Adolescents with Harmful Sexual Behaviour 329
Jackie Walton


Definitional Issues and the Use of Language 329


Historical Context Setting 330


Assessment and Treatment Interventions with Adolescents 331


Assessment and Treatment Work with Children 334


Conclusions 337


Further Reading 337


References 338


22 Sexually Harmful Adults 341
Belinda Brooks-Gordon


Who and What is a Sexually Harmful Adult? 341


Prevalence and Incidence of Sexually Harmful Behaviours 341


Theories of Sexually Harmful Behaviour 342


Assessing the Risk of Sexually Harmful Adults 343


Interventions for Sexually Harmful Adults 344


Measuring Interventions 345


Past Meta-Analyses of Interventions with Sexually Harmful Adults 345


Improving the Quality of Treatment Outcome 347


Cluster Randomization 347


When the ‘Sex Offender’ is Not Sexually Harmful 348


The Politicization of Sexual Harm 348


Sexual Harm and the Culture of Fear 349


Conclusions 350


Notes 350


Further Reading 350


References 351


23 Gang Members: Group Processes and Social Cognitive Explanations 353
Jane L. Wood


Gang Membership 353


Gang Members: Delinquency Levels 353


Becoming a Gang Member: Group Processes 355


Gang Identity and Identifying with the Gang 355


Conformity, Pluralistic Ignorance and Cohesion 356


Intergroup Conflict and Status Enhancement 357


Being a Gang Member: Social Cognitive Processes 359


Moral Disengagement 359


Offence Supportive Cognitions 360


Rumination, Displaced Aggression and Entitativity 361


Conclusions 364


Further Reading 364


References 365


24 Genocide and Hate Crime 369
William Jacks and Joanna R. Adler


What is Genocide? 369


What is Hate Crime? 371


Psychological Explanations of Genocide and Hate Crime 373


Nurturing Prejudice: Demonizing and Degrading the Out]Group 374


Hate Crime: Beyond Group Explanations 375


Acting Out Prejudices: Psychological Processes that Facilitate Violence in Genocide 376


Passive Bystanders 376


Characteristics of Cultures Disposed to Genocide and Hate Crime 377


Rehabilitation of Hate Crime Offenders 378


Preventing Genocide 379


Summary 380


Notes 380


Further Reading 380


References 381


25 Restorative Justice as a Psychological Treatment: Healing Victims, Reintegrating Offenders 385
Lawrence W. Sherman and Heather Strang


Introduction 385


Varieties of Restorative Justice 386


Theories of Change for Victims and Offenders 388


Delivering RJ Conferencing 389


Research on Restorative Justice: The Gold Standard 391


Effects of RJ Conferencing on Offenders 394


Effects of RJ Conferencing on Victims 396


Evidence on Other RJ Options 397


RJ and Forensic Psychology 398


Notes 399


Further Reading 399


References 401


PART III Et hical and Legal Issues 403


26 Ethical Issues in Forensic Psychological Policy and Practice 405
Graham J. Towl


Philosophical Roots 405


Ethical Guidance for Professionals 407


Power Relationships 411


Conclusions 412


Further Reading 412


References 413


27 Risk and Resilience 415
Graham J. Towl


The Concept of Risk in Forensic Psychological Policy and Practice 416


Do We Need to Think More about Ethical Issues in Risk Assessment? 417


Risk and Resilience 420


Biases in Human Decision-Making 421


Implications for Future Forensic Practice: Risk and Resilience 422


Further Reading 423


References 423


28 Structural Violence in Forensic Psychiatry 425
Brian A. Thomas-Peter


Suffering in Forensic Psychiatry 426


Inquiries into Harm Done to Patients 427


Major Inquiries: Lessons Learned and Not Learned 427


Incidents, Complaints and Root Cause Analysis 430


Conclusion 434


Notes 434


Further Reading 435


References 435


29 Concluding Themes: Psychological Perspectives and Futures 437
Graham J. Towl


Introduction 437


Contextual Themes 438


Psychological Perspectives 440


Futures 441


References 442


Index of Names 443


Index of Subjects 453

About the Author

David A. Crighton is a Consultant Psychologist and Honorary Professor of Forensic Psychology at Durham University UK. He is co-author of Psychology in Prisons, 2/e (2008). Graham J. Towl is Pro Vice Chancellor, Deputy Warden and Professor of Forensic Psychology at Durham University UK. He is the editor of Psychological Research in Prisons (2006) and co-author of Psychology in Prisons, 2/e (2008).

Reviews

David Crighton and Graham Towl have done it again. The second edition of Forensic Psychology brings together internationally celebrated scholars to scrutinize the ever-expanding uses of psychology to the justice system. The contributors blend scientific rigor, legal precision, and clinical insight as they address topics that range from juries to genetics and from prevention to profiling. Encyclopedic in coverage and lucidly written, Forensic Psychology will have even more of an impact on practice, on policy, and on research than its authoritative predecessor. John Monahan, Shannon Distinguished Professor of Law and Psychology, University of Virginia, USA A `must-read' book on forensic psychology that makes an excellent contribution to the field and is a valuable resource for students, academics and practitioners alike. This text is replete with chapters that are comprehensive, accessible and informative, provided by some of the most authoritative `voices' in the discipline. The contributors capture remarkable depth and breadth in their coverage of core issues. This edition has been extensively revised and with new chapters exploring genocide, hate crime and structural violence will fast become essential reading for psychology scholars at every career stage. Dr Julie Taylor, University of Cumbria