Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

Preface

Prologue

List of Abbreviations

1. Intelligence and Geospatial Intelligence

The Boundaries of Intelligence

Geospatial Terminology

The Power of a Single Word

Defining Geospatial Intelligence

2. A Brief History of Maps and Charts

Mapping

The Silk Road

Cartography

Photogrammetry

Nautical Charts

Aeronautical Charts

Establishing Claims with Cartography

Chapter Summary

3. Terrain

Measuring and Representing Terrain

Digital Elevation Models

Military Use of Terrain

Civil Use of Terrain

Oceanographic Terrain

Chapter Summary

4. Navigation

Celestial Navigation

Radio Navigation

Satellite Navigation

Chapter Summary

5. Geopolitics

Mahan’s Sea Power Theory

Mackinder’s Heartland Theory

German Geopolitik

Spykman’s Rimland Theory

The Continuing Influence of Geopolitical Theories

Thematic Cartography

Geopolitical Strategy

Chapter Summary

6. Geographic Information Systems

The Cluttered Map

Hard Copy Layers

Roger Tomlinson, the Father of GIS

The Harvard Connection

ESRI and Intergraph

Interactive Maps and Charts

The GIS Choice: Raster or Vector?

The Power of GIS

The Explosion of GIS Applications

Are Paper Maps Obsolete?

GIS and GEOINT

Chapter Summary

7. Geolocation

Geolocation Basics

Using Imagery

Radiofrequency Geolocation

Acoustic Geolocation

Cyber Geolocation

Chapter Summary

8. Gaining the High Ground

Gettysburg

Observation Towers

Lighter-than-Air Craft

Exotic Approaches to the High Ground

Aircraft

Chapter Summary

9. The Ultimate High Ground

Remote-Sensing Satellites

Government Nonmilitary Applications

Military Applications

Commercial Imaging Satellites

Chapter Summary

10. Visible Imaging

Aerial Film Cameras

Satellite Film Cameras

Digital Cameras

Video Cameras

Getting the Image Right

Analyzing the Image

Chapter Summary

11. Spectral Imaging

The Infrared Bands

The Ultraviolet Spectrum

Imaging outside the Visible Band

Spectral Imagers

Chapter Summary

12. Radar Imaging

Conventional Radar

Side-Looking Airborne Radar

Synthetic Aperture Radar

Laser Radar

Chapter Summary

13. The Drivers of Geospatial Intelligence

Denial and Deception

Fleeting Targets

Precision and Accuracy

Outside Expertise

Characterizing Oceans and Ocean Traffic

New Issues

A Complete Picture

Chapter Summary

14. The Tools of Geospatial Intelligence

Geomatics

Geographic Information System

Geovisualization

Big Data

Data Analytics and Visual Analytics

Geospatial Simulation Modeling

Chapter Summary

15. Sociocultural GEOINT

Sociocultural Factors in Conflict Resolution

Activity-Based Intelligence

Pattern-of-Life Analysis

Volunteered Geographic Information

Involuntary Geographic Information

Chapter Summary

16. The Story of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

The Defense Mapping Agency

The National Photographic Interpretation Center

The National Imagery and Mapping Agency’s Standup

A Tale of Two Cities

The Fight to Survive

The NGA’s Standup

Reaching Out

Establishing the Boundaries of GEOINT

Chapter Summary

17. The GEOINT Explosion

US Geospatial Intelligence Organizations

Five Eyes GEOIN

Other National GEOINT Organizations

Transnational GEOINT Organizations

Chapter Summary

18. Non-National Geospatial Intelligence

State/Provincial and Local Government

Nongovernmental Organizations

Chapter Summary

19. Commercial GEOINT

Geospatial Business Intelligence

Strategic GEOINT

Operational GEOINT

Geospatial Competitive Intelligence

Chapter Summary

20. The Road Ahead

Predicting the Future

The Future of Cartography

The Tools

Applications of GEOINT

National-Level GEOINT

The Challenge of Ubiquitous GEOINT

Chapter Summary

Glossary

Selected Bibliography

Index

About the Author

Promotional Information

"It is a pioneering text suitable for everyone's reading list as well as the classroom."—Peter C. Oleson, AFIO Intelligencer

About the Author

Robert M. Clark is an expert in national intelligence and has authored or coauthored six books on the subject, including Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach. He is currently an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University and an adjunct faculty member at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. Clark has previously served as a CIA senior analyst and group chief and as cofounder and CEO of the Scientific and Technical Analysis Corporation.

Reviews

It is a pioneering text suitable for everyone’s reading list as well as the classroom.
*AFIO Intelligencer*

To call Robert Clark’s Geospatial Intelligence: Origins and Evolution the best GEOINT primer that I have read is necessary— accurate —and insufficient. It is much more.
*The Cipher Brief*