Table of Contents

Contributors vii 1 Introduction: Environmental Psychology and its Methods 1 Robert Gifford 2 Observational Methods: The First Step in Science 9 Reuven Sussman 3 Behavioral Mapping and Tracking 29 Cheuk Fan Ng 4 Research Designs for Environmental Issues 53 Wokje Abrahamse, P. Wesley Schultz, and Linda Steg 5 Agree to Disagree: A Practical Guide to Conducting Survey Research in Environmental Psychology 71 Donald W. Hine, Christine Kormos, and Anthony D. G. Marks 6 Who Cares? Measuring Environmental Attitudes 93 Amanda McIntyre and Taciano L. Milfont 7 Qualitative Approaches to Environment Behavior Research: Understanding Environmental and Place Experiences, Meanings, and Actions 115 David Seamon and Harneet K. Gill 8 Revealing the Conceptual Systems of Places 137 David Canter 9 Behavioral Methods for Spatial Cognition Research 161 Daniel R. Montello 10 Microworlds: Using Computers to Understand Choices about the Use of Natural Resources 183 Angel Chen and Paul A. Bell 11 Simulating Designed Environments 197 Arthur E. Stamps III 12 Planning the Built Environment: Programming 221 Jay Farbstein, Richard E. Wener, and Lindsay J. McCunn 13 Did that Plan Work? Post ]occupancy Evaluation 249 Richard E. Wener, Lindsay J. McCunn, and Jennifer Senick 14 Action Research: Enhancing Application 271 Valeria Cortes and Robert Sommer 15 Research Designs for Measuring the Effectiveness of Interventions 291 Wokje Abrahamse 16 Applying Behavioral Science for Environmental Sustainability 307 E. Scott Geller, Wokje Abrahamse, Branda Guan, and Reuven Sussman 17 Improving Human Functioning: Ecotherapy and Environmental Health Approaches 323 Thomas Doherty and Angel Chen 18 Research and Design for Special Populations 345 John Zeisel, Robert Gifford, Mark Martin, and Lindsay J. McCunn 19 Advanced Statistics for Environment ]Behavior Research: Multi ]level Modeling and Structural Equation Modeling 369 Donald W. Hine, Victor Corral ]Verdugo, Navjot Bhullar, and Martha Frias ]Armenta 20 Meta ]analysis: An Analysis of Analyses 389 Christine Kormos Author Index 409 Subject Index 421

About the Author

Robert Gifford is Professor of Psychology and Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria, Canada. Dr. Gifford is the author of over 120 refereed publications and book chapters and five editions of the textbook Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practice (5th edition, 2014). As well as being the editor of the Journal of Environmental Psychology, he serves on the editorial board of Applied Psychology, Architectural Science Review, and Global Environmental Change.