Table of Contents

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xvii

Contributors xix

1. Perspectives and State of the Art in Producing Solar Fuels and Chemicals from CO₂ 1
Gabriele Centi and Siglinda Perathoner

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Solar Fuels and Chemicals From CO₂ 8

1.3 Toward Artificial Leaves 16

1.4 Conclusions 19

Acknowledgments 20

References 20

2. Transformation of Carbon Dioxide to Useable Products Through Free Radical-Induced Reactions 25
G. R. Dey

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 Chemical Reduction of CO₂ 29

2.3 Conclusions 46

Acknowledgments 46

References 46

3. Synthesis of Useful Compounds from CO₂ 51
Boxun Hu and Steven L. Suib

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Photochemical Reduction 53

3.3 Electrochemical Reduction 55

3.4 Electrocatalytic Reduction 57

3.5 CO₂ Hydrogenation 71

3.6 CO₂ Reforming 84

3.7 Prospects in CO₂ Reduction 86

Acknowledgments 86

References 86

4. Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Liquid Fuels 99
Muthu Kumaran Gnanamani, Gary Jacobs, Venkat Ramana Rao Pendyala, Wenping Ma, and Burtron H. Davis

4.1 Introduction 99

4.2 Methanation of Carbon Dioxide 100

4.3 Methanol and Higher Alcohol Synthesis by CO₂ Hydrogenation 102

4.4 Hydrocarbons Through Modified Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 105

4.5 Conclusions 114

References 115

5. Direct Synthesis of Organic Carbonates from CO₂ and Alcohols Using Heterogeneous Oxide Catalysts 119
Yoshinao Nakagawa, Masayoshi Honda, and Keiichi Tomishige

5.1 Introduction 120

5.2 Ceria-Based Catalysts 122

5.3 Zirconia-Based Catalysts 137

5.4 Other Metal Oxide Catalysts 145

5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 145

References 146

6. High-Solar-Efficiency Utilization of CO₂: the STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production) of Energetic Molecules 149
Stuart Licht

6.1 Introduction 149

6.2 Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Energetic Molecules: an Overview 151

6.3 Demonstrated STEP Processes 165

6.4 STEP Constraints 180

6.5 Conclusions 186

Acknowledgments 186

References 186

7. Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO₂ in Methanol Medium 191
M. Murugananthan, S. Kaneco, H. Katsumata, T. Suzuki and M. Kumaravel

7.1 Introduction 191

7.2 Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO₂ in Methanol Medium 193

7.3 Mechanisms of CO₂ Reduction in Nonaqueous Protic (CH₃OH) Medium 210

7.4 Conclusions 211

References 213

8. Synthetic Fuel Production from the Catalytic Thermochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide 215
Navadol Laosiripojana, Kajornsak Faungnawakij, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat

8.1 Introduction 215

8.2 General Aspects of CO₂ Reforming 218

8.3 Catalyst Selection for CO₂ Reforming Reaction 221

8.4 Reactor Technology for Dry Reforming 228

8.5 Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Synthetic Fuels 230

8.6 Conclusions 239

Acknowledgments 240

References 240

9. Fuel Production from Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂ with Water Using TiO₂-Based Nanocomposites 245
Ying Li

9.1 Introduction 245

9.2 CO2 Photoreduction: Principles and Challenges 246

9.3 TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for CO₂ Photoreduction: Material Innovations 247

9.4 Photocatalysis Experiments 254

9.5 CO2 Photoreduction Activity 255

9.6 Reaction Mechanism and Factors Influencing Catalytic Activity 259

9.7 Conclusions and Future Research Recommendations 265

References 265

10. Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂ to Hydrocarbons Using Carbon-Based AgBr Nanocomposites Under Visible Light 269
Mudar Abou Asi, Chun He, Qiong Zhang, Zuocheng Xu, Jingling Yang, Linfei Zhu, Yanling Huang, Ya Xiong, and Dong Shu

10.1 Introduction 269

10.2 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Reduction for CO₂ 270

10.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction 271

10.4 AgBr Nanocomposites 274

10.5 Conclusions 283

Acknowledgments 283

References 284

11. Use of Carbon Dioxide in Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Capture and Sequestration 287
Suguru Uemura, Shohji Tsushima, and Shuichiro Hirai

11.1 Introduction 287

11.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery 288

11.3 Carbon Capture and Sequestration 294

11.4 Future Tasks 298

11.5 Summary 298

References 298

Index 301

About the Author

GABRIELE CENTI is Full Professor of Industrial Chemistryat the University of Messina and President of the European ResearchInstitute of Catalysis. He is a former President of the EuropeanFederation of Catalysis Societies and current Vice President of theInternational Association of Catalysis Societies. Dr. Centi isChair of the Editorial Board of ChemSusChem and Chief Editor of thebook series Studies in Catalysis and Surface Science and GreenEnergy. SIGLINDA PERATHONER is Associate Professor of IndustrialChemistry at the University of Messina. Her research examinesnanostructured zeolites, catalytic membranes, catalysts for wastewater purification and remediation, photo(electro)catalyticconversion of CO2, and fuel cells. Dr. Perathoner is theauthor of more than 160 publications.