Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii
Contributors xix
1. Perspectives and State of the Art in Producing Solar Fuels and Chemicals from CO2 11.1 Introduction
1.2 Solar Fuels and Chemicals From CO2 8
1.3 Toward Artificial Leaves 16
1.4 Conclusions 19
Acknowledgments 20
References 20
2. Transformation of Carbon Dioxide to Useable Products Through Free Radical-Induced Reactions 252.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Chemical Reduction of CO2 29
2.3 Conclusions 46
Acknowledgments 46
References 46
3. Synthesis of Useful Compounds from CO2 513.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Photochemical Reduction 53
3.3 Electrochemical Reduction 55
3.4 Electrocatalytic Reduction 57
3.5 CO2 Hydrogenation 71
3.6 CO2 Reforming 84
3.7 Prospects in CO2 Reduction 86
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
4. Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Liquid Fuels 994.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Methanation of Carbon Dioxide 100
4.3 Methanol and Higher Alcohol Synthesis by CO2 Hydrogenation 102
4.4 Hydrocarbons Through Modified Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 105
4.5 Conclusions 114
References 115
5. Direct Synthesis of Organic Carbonates from CO2 and Alcohols Using Heterogeneous Oxide Catalysts 1195.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Ceria-Based Catalysts 122
5.3 Zirconia-Based Catalysts 137
5.4 Other Metal Oxide Catalysts 145
5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 145
References 146
6. High-Solar-Efficiency Utilization of CO2: the STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production) of Energetic Molecules 1496.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Energetic Molecules: an Overview 151
6.3 Demonstrated STEP Processes 165
6.4 STEP Constraints 180
6.5 Conclusions 186
Acknowledgments 186
References 186
7. Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 in Methanol Medium 1917.1 Introduction 191
7.2 Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 in Methanol Medium 193
7.3 Mechanisms of CO2 Reduction in Nonaqueous Protic (CH3OH) Medium 210
7.4 Conclusions 211
References 213
8. Synthetic Fuel Production from the Catalytic Thermochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide 2158.1 Introduction 215
8.2 General Aspects of CO2 Reforming 218
8.3 Catalyst Selection for CO2 Reforming Reaction 221
8.4 Reactor Technology for Dry Reforming 228
8.5 Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Synthetic Fuels 230
8.6 Conclusions 239
Acknowledgments 240
References 240
9. Fuel Production from Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water Using TiO2-Based Nanocomposites 2459.1 Introduction 245
9.2 CO2 Photoreduction: Principles and Challenges 246
9.3 TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for CO2 Photoreduction: Material Innovations 247
9.4 Photocatalysis Experiments 254
9.5 CO2 Photoreduction Activity 255
9.6 Reaction Mechanism and Factors Influencing Catalytic Activity 259
9.7 Conclusions and Future Research Recommendations 265
References 265
10.1 Introduction 269
10.2 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Reduction for CO2 270
10.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction 271
10.4 AgBr Nanocomposites 274
10.5 Conclusions 283
Acknowledgments 283
References 284
11. Use of Carbon Dioxide in Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Capture and Sequestration 28711.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery 288
11.3 Carbon Capture and Sequestration 294
11.4 Future Tasks 298
11.5 Summary 298
References 298
Index 301
GABRIELE CENTI is Full Professor of Industrial Chemistryat the University of Messina and President of the European ResearchInstitute of Catalysis. He is a former President of the EuropeanFederation of Catalysis Societies and current Vice President of theInternational Association of Catalysis Societies. Dr. Centi isChair of the Editorial Board of ChemSusChem and Chief Editor of thebook series Studies in Catalysis and Surface Science and GreenEnergy. SIGLINDA PERATHONER is Associate Professor of IndustrialChemistry at the University of Messina. Her research examinesnanostructured zeolites, catalytic membranes, catalysts for wastewater purification and remediation, photo(electro)catalyticconversion of CO2, and fuel cells. Dr. Perathoner is theauthor of more than 160 publications.
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