Table of Contents

List of Tables ix

List of Figures xi

Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii

Glossary xv

Acknowledgements xxiii

Preface xxv

1 Context 1

1.1 LOPA Overview 1

1.2 Pertinent LOPA Variations 10

1.3 When to Use Enabling Conditions and Conditional Modifiers 13

1.4 Risk Criteria Endpoints 16

2 LOPA Enabling Conditions 23

2.1 Definition and Defining Characteristics 23

2.2 Interrelationship with Initiating Event 23

2.3 Time-At-Risk Enabling Conditions 23

2.4 Campaign Enabling Conditions 30

2.5 Other Possible Enabling Conditions 34

2.6 Documenting and Validating Enabling Conditions 34

3 LOPA Conditional Modifiers 37

3.1 Definition and Defining Characteristics 37

3.2 Probability of a Hazardous Atmosphere 42

3.3 Probability of Ignition or Initiation 44

3.4 Probability of Explosion 49

3.5 Probability of Personnel Presence 55

3.6 Probability of Injury or Fatality 60

3.7 Probability of Equipment Damage or Other Financial Impact 65

3.8 Documenting, Managing and Validating Conditional Modifiers 69

4 Application to Other Methods 71

4.1 Quantitative Risk Analysis 71

4.2 Use of Enabling Conditions and Conditional Modifiers with Scenario Identification Methods 75

4.3 Barrier Analysis and Diagrams 79

Appendices 81

A Simultaneous Failures and “Double Jeopardy” 83

B Peak Risk Concepts 91

C Example Rule Set for LOPA Enabling Conditions 95

Example Rule Set for LOPA Enabling Conditions 95

References 99

Index 103

About the Author

Since 1985, the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been the world leader in developing and disseminating information on process safety management and technology. CCPS, an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has published over 80 books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series, and over 100 training modules through its Safety in Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) series.