Table of Contents

List of Data Tables xi

Acronyms and Abbreviations xv

Glossary xix

Acknowledgments xxv

Preface xxix

Introduction 1

1.1 Audience 2

1.2 Scope 3

1.3 Key Changes Since the Initial LOPA Concept Book 4

1.4 Recap of LOPA 6

1.5 Disclaimer 10

1.6 Linkage to Other CCPS Publications 11

1.7 Annotated Description of Chapters 13

Overview: Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers 16

2.1 LOPA Elements: An Overview 16

2.2 Management Systems to Support LOPA 16

2.3 Scenario Selection 18

2.4 Overview of Scenario Frequency 20

2.5 Overview of Consequences 28

2.6 Risk Considerations 29

2.7 Conclusions 31

Core Attributes 34

3.1 Introduction to Core Attributes 34

3.2 Independence 35

3.3 Functionality 40

3.4 Integrity 47

3.5 Reliability 49

3.6 Auditability 52

3.7 Access Security 53

3.8 Management of Change 54

3.9 Use of Data Tables 55

Example Initiating Events and IE Frequencies 58

4.1 Overview of Initiating Events 58

4.2 Inherently Safer Design and Initiating Event Frequency 59

4.3 Specific Initiating Events for Use in LOPA 60

4.4 External Events 113

4.5 What if Your Candidate Initiating Event is Not Shown in a Data Table? 113

Example IPLs and PFD Values 116

5.1 Overview of Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) 116

5.2 Specific Independent Protection Layers for Use in LOPA 118

5.3 What if Your Candidate IPL is Not Shown in a Data Table? 263

Advanced LOPA Topics 268

6.1 Purpose 268

6.2 Use of QRA Methods Relative to LOPA 269

6.3 Evaluation of Complex Mitigative IPLs 275

6.4 Conclusions 277

Appendices 280

Appendix A: Human Factors Considerations 282

Appendix B: Site-Specific Human Performance Data Collection and Validation 300

Appendix C: Site-Specific Equipment Data Collection and Validation  310

Appendix D: Example Reliability Data Conversion for Check Valves 324

Appendix E: Considerations for Overpressure of Pressure Vessels and Piping 328

REFERENCES 334

INDEX 342

About the Author

Since 1985, the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been the world leader in developing and disseminating information on process safety management and technology. CCPS, an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has published over 80 books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series, and over 100 training modules through its Safety in Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) series.