Table of Contents

Introduction Part One: The Development of the Law Relating to Civilians and Armed Conflicts 1: The General Rules on Civilians in Armed Conflicts - Civilian Immunity and the Principle of Distinction 2: International Law and the History of Civilian Participation in Armed Conflict 3: Direct Participation in Hostilities - Finding a Definition Part Two: Current Challenges to the Law on Civilians and Armed Conflict 4: Targeted Killing 5: Remote Warfare: Drones and Cyber Warfare 6: Private Military and Security Companies 7: 'Criminal' Armed Conflict Part Three: Civilian Participation in Armed Conflict and the Law in the 21st Century 8: The Way Forward - How Can International Law Effectively Deal with Civilians Who Take Direct Part in Hostilities Conclusions - Where to From Here?

About the Author

Emily Crawford is a Lecturer at the Sydney Law School at the University of Sydney, and the Co-Director of the Sydney Centre for International Law. She is a member of the ILA Committee on Non-State Actors, a Co-Rapporteur for the ILA Study Group on Cyber-Terrorism, and a member of the Australian Red Cross IHL Committee for New South Wales.