Table of Contents

Introduction xi

Prehistory–6th Century 1

Cosmological Landscapes 2

Ancient Gardens 4

Landscape and Architecture 6

Genius Loci 8

6th–15th Centuries 15

Western Europe: Walled Minds, Walled Gardens 20

Moorish Spain: An Indelible Influence 28

China: Nature’s Splendor in a Garden 38

Japan: In the Spirit of Nature 46

15th Century 57

Japan: Muromachi Era 61

China: Ming Dynasty 65

Central Asia: Timurid Garden Cities 66

Italy: Curious Minds, Broadened Vistas 68

16th Century 75

Italy: The Rebirth of Rome 79

Renaissance Gardens in France and England 93

The Early Botanic Garden: An Encyclopedia of Plants 99

Early Mughal Gardens: Persian Art Forms Travel East 100

Japan: The Momoyama Era 101

17th Century 107

Japan: Edo Period 111

The Mughal Empire: Sacred Symmetries 119

Persian Gardens of Paradise 124

Italian Baroque Styles 127

The Flowering of the Dutch Landscape 133

English Gardens: A Restrained Mix of European Styles 134

French Classical Gardens: The Control of Nature 136

18th Century 147

England: The Development of the Landscape Garden 151

The Landscape Garden in France 164

China: Qianlong’s Imprint 165

Early American Gardens: Homeland Traditions 171

19th Century 177

England: The Victorians and Their Plants 181

France: Republics and Empires 186

Landscape Architecture in America 189

20th Century 203

The Gilded Age: Extremes of Wealth and Poverty 207

The New Aesthetic of Modernism 211

Environmental Art: Nature as Medium 219

Artistic Trends in Landscape Design 220

Environmental and Ecological Design 222

Postmodern Landscapes 223

21st Century 23 1

A Sustainable Earth: Ten Ideas 232

Endnotes 245

Bibliography 251

Index 255

About the Author

Elizabeth Boults is a landscape architect and educator. She maintains an art-based practice in Berkeley, California, and teaches in the landscape architecture programs at University of California, Berkeley Extension, and University of California, Davis. Her subject areas include drawing, design, and history.

Chip Sullivan is a Professor of Landscape Architecture at the University of California, Berkeley. Author of several books, he is the recipient of the Rome Prize, among many other national and international awards. He currently writes an ongoing series of illustrated articles for Landscape Architecture magazine.

Reviews

'...an accessible and reliable source for students and the interest general reader.' (BBC Gardens Illustrated, May 2010).