Table of Contents

1. Introduction.2. Should Animals Use Be Regulated by Law And, If So, How?.3. How Is Animal Use Regulated and How Does This Protect Them?.4. Regulatory Licensing Regimes as a Legislative Framework.5. Primary Licensing Legislation: The Regulation of Zoos.6. Enforcing the Zoo Licensing Act 1981.7. International Perspectives: Snapshots of Zoos from Other Jurisdictions.8. Secondary Licensing Legislation: The Regulation of the Use of Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses in England.9. Enforcing the Welfare of Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses (England) Regulations 2012.10. New Directions in Licensing: The Animal Welfare (Licensing of Actives Involving Animals) (England) Regulations 2018.11. Is Licensing an Effective Means to Regulate the Use of Animals?.12. Making Licensing Work for Animals Recommendations for Change.13. Conclusion: Towards Transparency and Universal Standards for Animal Welfare.

About the Author

Elizabeth Tyson, PhD, is the Programs Director for Born Free USA, an animal rights advocate, and legal scholar with over 16 years of experience working in animal protection not-for-profits around the world. A major focus of her work has been campaigning and advocacy against the keeping of wild animals in captivity, with a specific interest in zoos, circuses and the exotic pet trade.

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