Table of Contents

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Contributors xiii

PART I BASICS OF MOLECULAR IMAGING AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Basic Principles of Molecular Imaging 3
Sven H. Hausner

2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials as a Platform for Molecular Imaging 25
Jinhao Gao, Jin Xie, Bing Xu, and Xiaoyuan Chen

3. Nanoparticle Surface Modification and Bioconjugation 47
Jin Xie, Jinhao Gao, Mark Michalski, and Xiaoyuan Chen

4. Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics of Nanoprobes 75
Nagesh Kolishetti, Frank Alexis, Eric M. Pridgen, and Omid C. Farokhzad

PART II NANOPARTICLES FOR SINGLE MODALITY MOLECULAR IMAGING

5. Computed Tomography as a Tool for Anatomical and Molecular Imaging 107
Pingyu Liu, Hu Zhou, and Lei Xing

6. Carbon Nanotube X-Ray for Dynamic Micro-CT Imaging of Small Animal Models 139
Otto Zhou, Guohua Cao, Yueh Z. Lee, and Jianping Lu

7. Quantum Dots for In Vivo Molecular Imaging 159
Yun Xing

8. Biopolymer, Dendrimer, and Liposome Nanoplatforms for Optical Molecular Imaging 183
David Pham, Ling Zhang, Bo Chen, and Ella Fung Jones

9. Nanoplatforms for Raman Molecular Imaging in Biological Systems 197
Zhuang Liu

10. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensors for Biological Systems 217
Jingqing Zhang and Michael S. Strano

11. Microparticle- and Nanoparticle-Based Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging 233
Nirupama Deshpande and J¨urgen K. Willmann

12. Ultrasound-Based Molecular Imaging Using Nanoagents 263
Srivalleesha Mallidi, Mohammad Mehrmohammadi, Kimberly Homan, Bo Wang, Min Qu, Timothy Larson, Konstantin Sokolov, and Stanislav Emelianov

13. MRI Contrast Agents Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles 279
Hyon Bin Na and Taeghwan Hyeon

14. Cellular Magnetic Labeling with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 309
Sebastien Boutry, Sophie Laurent, Luce Vander Elst, and Robert N. Muller

15. Nanoparticles Containing Rare Earth Ions: A Tunable Tool for MRI 333
C. Rivi`ere, S. Roux, R. Bazzi, J.-L. Bridot, C. Billotey, P. Perriat, and O. Tillement

16. Microfabricated Multispectral MRI Contrast Agents 375
Gary Zabow and Alan Koretsky

17. Radiolabeled Nanoplatforms: Imaging Hot Bullets Hitting Their Target 399
Raffaella Rossin

PART III NANOPARTICLE PLATFORMS AS MULTIMODALITY IMAGING AND THERAPY AGENTS

18. Lipoprotein-Based Nanoplatforms for Cancer Molecular Imaging 433
Ian R. Corbin, Kenneth Ng, and Gang Zheng

19. Protein Cages as Multimode Imaging Agents 463
Masaki Uchida, Lars Liepold, Mark Young, and Trevor Douglas

20. Biomedical Applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 481
Weibo Cai, Ting Gao, and Hao Hong

21. Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Multimodal Molecular Imaging 529
Yanglong Hou and Rui Hao

22. Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Cancer Theragnosis 541
Seulki Lee, Ick Chan Kwon, and Kwangmeyung Kim

23. Nanoparticles for Combined Cancer Imaging and Therapy 565
Vaishali Bagalkot, Mi Kyung Yu, and Sangyong Jon

24. Multimodal Imaging and Therapy with Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles 593
Jason R. McCarthy and Ralph Weissleder

25. Gold Nanocages: A Multifunctional Platform for Molecular Optical Imaging and Photothermal Treatment 615
Leslie Au, Claire M. Cobley, Jingyi Chen, and Younan Xia

26. Theranostic Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer 639
Parmeswaran Diagaradjane, Pranshu Mohindra, and Sunil Krishnan

27. Gold Nanorods as Theranostic Agents 659
Alexander Wei, Qingshan Wei, and Alexei P. Leonov

28. Theranostic Applications of Gold Core–Shell Structured Nanoparticles 683
Wei Lu, Marites P. Melancon, and Chun Li

29. Magnetic Nanoparticle Carrier for Targeted Drug Delivery: Perspective, Outlook, and Design 709
R. D. K. Misra

30. Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles: A Multidimensional Platform for Targeted Image-Guided Drug Delivery 725
Gregory M. Lanza, Shelton D. Caruthers, Anne H. Schmieder, Patrick M. Winter, Tillmann Cyrus, and Samuel A. Wickline

31. Radioimmunonanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy 755
Arutselvan Natarajan

PART IV TRANSLATIONAL NANOMEDICINE

32. Current Status and Future Prospects for Nanoparticle-Based Technology in Human Medicine 783
Nuria Sanvicens, Fatima Fernandez, J.-Pablo Salvador, and M.-Pilar Marco

Index 815

About the Author

Xiaoyuan Chen received his PhD in chemistry from the University of Idaho and was an Associate Professor of Radiology in the School of Medicine at Stanford University before joining the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) as a senior investigator and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) as chief. He is the author of more than 200 scholarly articles and has edited one book to date. Dr. Chen's research interests include developing and validating novel molecular imaging probes (nanoparticles, antibodies, proteins, peptides, and small organic molecules) for better understanding of the biology, early diagnosis of disease, monitoring therapy response, and guiding drug discovery and development.

Reviews

This comprehensive volume summarizes the opinions ofthose in the forefront of research and describes the latestdevelopments by emphasizing fundamentals and initiating hands-onapplication. (Imaging & Microscopy, 1 March2012)"This monumental work of more than 800 pages is dedicated to thevisualization of cellular behavior and molecular processes inliving organisms using nanotechnologies. The book is written in aclear manner by tens of experts in the field." (Optics &Photonics News, 2011) "This comprehensive volume summarizes the opinions of those inthe forefront of research and describes the latest developments byemphasizing fundamentals and initiating hands-on application."(Global Print Monitor, 8 March 2011)