Table of Contents

A
African Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Relationships, 1982-2018 by Kim Yi Dionne and Boniface Dulani
Africa's LGBT Movement and Interest Groups by Oluwafemi Adeagbo and Kammila Naidoo
The American South and LGBT Politics by Jay Barth
Anti-LGBT And Religious Right Movements in the United States by Clyde Wilcox
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality and LGBT People: Causal Attributions for Sexual Orientation by Peter Hegarty
Attitudes Toward LGB Families: International Policies and LGB Family Planning by Pedro Alexandre Costa
Attitudes Toward LGBT+ People and Policies: Political Tolerance and Egalitarianism by Lauren Elliott-Dorans
Attitudes Toward LGBT People and Rights in Africa by Jocelyn M. Boryczka
Attitudes Toward LGBT People and Their Rights in Europe by Kath Wilson
Attitudes Toward LGBT Rights: Political Tolerance and Egalitarian Values in the United States by Andrew R. Flores
Australia's History of LGBTI Politics and Rights by Noah Riseman

B
Beliefs and Stereotypes About LGBT People by Gary R. Hicks
Brazil's LGBT Movement and Interest Groups by Jacob R. Longaker

C
Canada's LGBT Movement and Interest Groups by David Rayside
Children in LGBT Political Discourses in the United States by Patrick McCreery
Coming Out and Political Attitudes Among Sexual Minorities by Douglas Page
Coming Out, Intergroup Relations, and Attitudes Toward LGBT Rights by Mark R. Hoffarth and Gordon Hodson
Contact Theory and the Distinct Case of LGBT People and Rights by Brian F. Harrison and Melissa R. Michelson
Courts and Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America by Juan Marco Vaggione and Maximiliano Campana
Courts, the Law, and LGBT Politics in India by Saatvika Rai
Courts, the Law, and LGBT Rights in Asia by Holning Lau

D
Decolonial Queer Politics and LGBTI+ Activism in Romania and Turkey by Bogdan Popa and Hakan Sandal
Direct Democracy and LGBT Politics by Daniel C. Lewis
Distributive Justice for LGBTQ People by Libby Adler

E
Elections and the Role of LGBT Issues in the United States and Abroad by Gabriele Magni
The European Union's International Promotion of LGBTI Rights in its Foreign Relations by Markus Thiel
Europe's LGBT Movement and Interest Groups by Douglas Page
Europe's LGBT Movement: France by David Paternotte and Massimo Prearo
Europe's Supranational Courts and LGBT Rights by M. Joel Voss
The Evolution of Same-Sex Marriage Policy in the United States by Sarah Poggione
Evolution of Transgender Policies in the United States by Emilia Lombardi
Executives, Executive Politics, and the LGBTQ Community by Mitchell Dylan Sellers

F
Family Law and Policy for LGBTQ Individuals and Families: Adoption, Foster Care Assisted Reproduction, and Parental Rights by Naomi G. Goldberg and Amira Hasenbush
Federalism and LGBT Politics and Policy in the United States by Jami K. Taylor, Donald P. Haider-Markel, and Daniel C. Lewis

G
Gender Nonconformance in Non-Western Contexts: Hijras in India by Saatvika Rai and Josephine Kipgen
Global Anti-LGBT Politics by Barry D. Adam

H
Hate Crime Policy in the United States by Megan Osterbur
Hate Crimes Against LGBT People in the United States by Liz Coston
Historical Views of Homosexuality: Ancient Greece by Thomas K. Hubbard
Historical Views of Homosexuality: Asia by Timothy Rich, Andi Dahmer, and Isabel Eliassen
Historical Views of Homosexuality: European Colonialism by Robert Aldrich
Historical Views of Homosexuality: European Renaissance and Enlightenment by Gary Ferguson
Historical Views of Homosexuality: Roman Empire by Thomas K. Hubbard
HIV/AIDS Politics and Policy in Eastern Europe and Central Asia by Ulla Pape
HIV/AIDS Politics and Policy in Europe by Paul DeBell
HIV/AIDS Politics and Policy in South Asia by Nayani Rajapaksha and Chrishantha Abeysena
HIV/AIDS Politics and Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa by Catherine van de Ruit
HIV/AIDS Politics and Policy in U.S. States and Localities by Patricia Siplon
HIV Law and Policy in the United States: A Tipping Point by Scott Skinner-Thompson
Homosexuality and Political Scandal Until 1919 by Anna Clark
Homosexuality in Francophone West Africa: The International Context of Local Controversies by Christophe Broqua
Homosexuality Under Socialism in the German Democratic Republic by Josh Armstrong

I
Intergovernmental Organizations and LGBT Issues by Christina Kiel and Jamie Campbell
An International LGBT Movement by Ryan Thoreson
The Intersection of LGBT Rights and Religious Beliefs in the United States by Emily R. Gill
Islam, Sexuality, and Gender Identity by Sharyn Graham Davies
Israel's LGBT Movement and Interest Groups by Gilly Hartal
Italy's LGBT Movement and Interest Groups by Massimo Prearo

L
Legal and Policy Battles Over Same-Sex Relationships by Erez Aloni
Legislative and Judicial Politics of LGBT Rights in the European Union by Uladzislau Belavusau
LGBT and Queer Politics in the Commonwealth by Matthew Waites
LGBT Candidates and Elected Officials in North America by Joanna Everitt and Manon Tremblay
LGBT Discrimination, Subnational Public Policy, and Law in the United States by Christy Mallory and Brad Sears
LGBTI Transnational Law: Sex as Crime, Violence as Control by Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol
LGBT Military Service Policies in the United States by Andrew Goodhart and Jami K. Taylor
LGBT Movements in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China by Travis S. K. Kong, Hsiao-wei Kuan, Sky H. L. Lau, and Sara L. Friedman
LGBT People as a Relatively Politically Powerless Group by Andrew Proctor
LGBT Politics and the Legislative Process by Donald P. Haider-Markel and Abigail Vegter
LGBTQ Family Law and Policy in the United States by Erin Mayo-Adam
LGBTQI Rights and Sub-Saharan Africa by Ryan Thoreson
LGBTQ Migration Politics by Erin Mayo-Adam
LGBTQ Politics in Media and Culture by Larry Gross and Thomas J. Billard
LGBT Rights and Theoretical Perspectives by Francis Kuriakose and Deepa Kylasam Iyer
Litigating Transgender Employment Rights in the United States by Susan Gluck Mezey

M
Marriage Equality Policy Diffusion by Helma G. E. de Vries-Jordan
Marriage Equality, Public Accommodations Laws, and Religious Exercise by Susan Gluck Mezey
Measuring Attitudes Toward LGBT Individuals: Theoretical and Practical Considerations by Melanie C. Steffens and Sabine Preuß
Mobilizing the Invisible: Power and Marginality in the Black LGBTQ Community by Ravi K. Perry and Aaron D. Camp

N
Nonbinary Trans Identities by B. Lee Aultman
North American and Australian LGBT Movement and Interest Groups by Barry L. Tadlock and Christopher Glick

O
Out Lesbian and Gay Politicians in a Multiparty System by Tuula Juvonen

P
Party Politics and LGBT Issues in the United States by Melissa R. Michelson and Elizabeth Schmitt
Political Attitudes and Behaviors of LGBT People in the United States by Patrick Miller
Political Behavior of Sexual and Gender Minorities by Royal G. Cravens III
The Political Economy of LGBT Rights by Scott N. Siegel
The Politics of LGBQTI Human Rights in the United Nations System by Dominic McGoldrick
The Politics of Same-Sex Marriage Reforms by Ivana Isailovic
Progressive Christian Communities as Sites for LGBTQ Collective Action and Civic Behavior by Barrett Scroggs and Debra McKnight
Public Opinion Toward LGBT People and Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean by Enrique Chaux, Manuela León, Lina Cuellar, and Juliana Martínez
Public Policies Toward LGBT People and Rights in Latin America by Jose Fernando Serrano-Amaya, Manuel Rodríguez Rondón, and Natalia Daza
Public School Policies: Discrimination, Harassment, Bullying, and Accommodations by Sean Cahill

Q
Queer as Materialism by Sophie Noyé and Gianfranco Rebucini
Queer International Relations by Melanie Richter-Montpetite and Cynthia Weber
Queer Intersectionalities in Politics by Marla Brettschneider
Queer Liberation Theory: A Genealogy by Cameron McKenzie

R
Regulation of Sexuality in the Global South by Michelle L. Dion
The Rise of Transgender Social Movements: Narrative Symbolism and History by B. Lee Aultman
Russian and Eastern European LGBT Movements and Interest Groups by Conor O'Dwyer
Russian LGBT Politics and Rights by Emil Edenborg

S
Sex Reclassification for Trans and Gender Nonconforming People: From the Medicalized Body to the Privatized Self by Ido Katri
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in International Institutions by M. Joel Voss
Spain's LGBT Movement by Kerman Calvo and J. Ignacio Pichardo
The Special Role of Religion in LGBT-Related Attitudes by Donald P. Haider-Markel and Abigail Vegter
State-Level Public Opinion and Public Policy on LGBT Issues by Sarah Poggione

T
Theoretical Perspectives on LGBTQ Movements by Jyl Josephson
Theoretical Perspectives on LGBT Representation and Party Politics by Paul Snell
Theoretical Perspectives on Subnational Public Policy and LGBT Law by Jason Pierceson
Transgender and Nonbinary Gender Policy in the Public Sector by Nicole M. Elias
Transgender Law and Policy in the United States by Shannon Gilreath
Transgender Rights Interest Groups in the United States by Anthony J. Nownes
Transgender-Specific Policy: Gender Identity Inclusion in Public Accommodations by Andrew R. Flores and Justin O'Neill
Transgender-Specific Policy in Latin America by Baird Campbell
Transgender-Specific Politics and Policy in Asia by Natasha Israt Kabir and Khadiza Tul Qubra Binte Ahsan
Transgender-Specific Politics and Policy in Europe by Camille Vallier and Djemila Carron

U
The United Kingdom's LGBT Movement and Interest Groups by Daryl Leeworthy
U.S. Military Service and LGBT Policy by Marissa Reilly, Elizabeth L. Hillman, and Elliot Koltnow

V
Violence Against and Policing of LGBTQ Communities: A Historical Perspective by Courtenay W. Daum

W
What's a "Norm" After Queer Movements? by Antoine Idier

About the Author

Donald P. Haider-Markel is Professor and Chair of Political Science at the University of Kansas. His research and teaching is focused on the representation of group interests in politics and policy, and the dynamics between public opinion, political behavior, and public policy. He has more than 20 years of experience in survey research, interviews, and in policy studies. He is the author or coauthor of several books, over 70 refereed articles, and more than a dozen
book chapters in a range of issue areas, including civil rights, politics in the culture wars, criminal justice policy, counterterrorism, race and inequality, and environmental policy. He is the
recipient or co-recipient of grants from the EPA STAR program, the National Science Foundation, and the American Psychological Foundation.