Table of Contents

*=NEW TO THIS EDITION; EACH PART OPENS WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND ENDS WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING; Preface; I. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?; 1. Plato: Socratic Wisdom; 2. John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest for Truth; 3. Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy; Excursus: A Little Bit of Logic; II. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION; II.A. IS BELIEF IN GOD RATIONALLY JUSTIFIED? ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD; 4. Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways; 5. WILLIAM LANE CRAIG: THE KALAM COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT AND THE ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE; 6. Paul Edwards: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument; 7. William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker; 8. David Hume: A Critique of the Teleological Argument; 9. St. Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument; 10. WILLIAM ROWE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT; II.B. WHY IS THERE EVIL?; 11. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Why Is There Evil?; 12. B.C. Johnson: Why Doesn't God Intervene to Prevent Evil?; 13. John Hick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil; II.C. IS FAITH COMPATIBLE WITH REASON?; 14. Blaise Pascal: Yes, Faith Is a Logical Bet; 15. W.K. Clifford: The Ethics of Belief; 16. William James: The Will to Believe; 17. Antony Flew, R.M. Hare, and Basil Mitchell: A Debate on the Rationality of Religious Belief; 18. Alvin Plantinga: Religious Belief Without Evidence; III. KNOWLEDGE; III.A. WHAT CAN WE KNOW? CLASSICAL THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE; 19. Rene Descartes: Cartesian Doubt and the Search for Foundational Knowledge; 20. John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge; 21. George Berkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge; 22. David Hume: The Origin of Our Ideas and Skepticism about Causal Reasoning; 23. John Hospers: An Argument Against Skepticism; III.B. TRUTH, RATIONALITY, AND COGNITIVE RELATIVISM; 24. Bertrand Russell: The Correspondence Theory of Truth; 25. William James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth; 26. Richard Rorty: Dismantling Truth: Solidarity versus Objectivity; 27. DANIEL DENNETT: POSTMODERNISM AND TRUTH; IV. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND: THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM; IV.A. WHAT AM I? A MIND OR A BODY?; 28. Rene Descartes: Dualistic Interactionism; 29. Gilbert Ryle: Exorcising Descartes' "Ghost in the Machine"; 30. J.P. Moreland: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism; 31. Paul Churchland: On Functionalism and Materialism; 32. Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat?; 33. John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Computers; IV.B. WHO AM I? DO WE HAVE PERSONAL IDENTITY?; 34. John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self; 35. David Hume: We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical; 36. Derek Parfit and Godfrey Vesey: Brain Transplants and Personal Identity: A Dialogue; IV.C. IS THERE LIFE AFTER DEATH? AM I IMMORTAL?; 37. Plato: Arguments for the Immortality of the Soul; 38. Paul Edwards: An Argument Against Survival: The Dependence of Consciousness on the Brain; 39. John Hick: In Defense of Immortality; V. FREEDOM OF THE WILL AND DETERMINISM; 40. Baron d'Holbach: We Are Completely Determined; 41. WILLIAM JAMES: THE DILEMMA OF DETERMINISM; 42. Corliss Lamont: Freedom of the Will and Human Responsibility; 43. W.T. Stace: Compatibilism; 44. HARRY FRANKFURT: FREEDOM OF THE WILL AND THE CONCEPT OF A PERSON; 45. Richard Taylor: Fate; VI. ETHICS; VI.A. ARE THERE ANY MORAL ABSOLUTES OR IS MORALITY COMPLETELY RELATIVE?; 46. Ruth Benedict: Morality Is Relative; 47. James Rachels: Morality Is Not Relative; VI.B. ETHICS AND EGOISM: WHY SHOULD WE BE MORAL?; 48. Plato: Why Should I Be Moral?: Gyges' Ring and Socrates' Dilemma; 49. Ayn Rand: In Defense of Ethical Egoism; 50. Louis P. Pojman: A Critique of Ethical Egoism; VI.C. WHICH IS THE CORRECT ETHICAL THEORY?; 51. Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue; 52. Immanuel Kant: The Moral Law; 53. John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism; 54. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics; VII. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY; WHY SHOULD I OBEY THE GOVERNMENT? WHAT IS THE JUSTIFICATION OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY?; 55. Robert Paul Wolff: In Defense of Anarchism; 56. Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer; 57. John Locke: The Democratic Answer; 58. John Stuart Mill: A Classical Liberal Answer; 59. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: The Communist Answer; 60. JOHN RAWLS: THE CONTEMPORARY LIBERAL ANSWER; VIII. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE?; 61. Epicurus: Moderate Hedonism; 62. Epictetus: Stoicism: Enchiridion; 63. Albert Camus: Life is Absurd; 64. Lois Hope Walker: Religion Gives Meaning to Life; 65. Thomas Nagel: The Absurd; 66. Bertrand Russell: Reflections on Suffering; IX. PHILOSOPHY IN ACTION; IX.A. IS ABORTION MORALLY PERMISSIBLE?; 67. John T. Noonan, Jr.: Abortion Is Not Morally Permissible; 68. Mary Anne Warren: Abortion Is Morally Permissible; 69. Jane English: The Moderate Position: Beyond the Personhood Argument; IX.B. IS THE DEATH PENALTY MORALLY PERMISSIBLE?; 70. Thurgood Marshall: The Death Penalty Is a Denial of Human Dignity; 71. Burton Leiser: The Death Penalty Is Permissible; 72. Hugo Adam Bedau: No, the Death Penalty Is Not Morally Permissible; IX.C. DO ANIMALS HAVE RIGHTS?; 73. Peter Singer: The Case for Animal Liberation; 74. Carl Cohen: The Case Against Animal Rights; IX.D. IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION MORALLY JUSTIFIED?; 75. Albert Mosley: The Case for Affirmative Action; 76. Louis P. Pojman: The Case Against Affirmative Action; Appendix: How to Read and Write a Philosophy Paper; Glossary