Table of Contents

*=NEW TO THIS EDITION; EACH PART OPENS WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND ENDS WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING; Preface; I. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?; 1. Plato: Socratic Wisdom; 2. John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest for Truth; 3. Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy; EXCURSUS: A LITTLE BIT OF LOGIC; II. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION; II.A. IS BELIEF IN GOD RATIONALLY JUSTIFIED? ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD; 4. Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways; 5. William Lane Craig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Anthropic Principle; 6. Paul Edwards: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument; 7. William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker; 8. David Hume: A Critique of the Teleological Argument; 9. St. Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument; 10. William Rowe: An Analysis of the Ontological Argument; II.B. WHY IS THERE EVIL?; 11. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Why Is There Evil?; 12. B.C. Johnson: Why Doesn't God Intervene to Prevent Evil?; 13. John Hick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil; II.C. IS FAITH COMPATIBLE WITH REASON?; 14. Blaise Pascal: Yes, Faith Is a Logical Bet; 15. W.K. Clifford: The Ethics of Belief; 16. William James: The Will to Believe; 17. Antony Flew, R.M. Hare, and Basil Mitchell: A Debate on the Rationality of Religious Belief; 18. Alvin Plantinga: Religious Belief Without Evidence; * 19 Soren Kierkegaard: Faith and Truth; * 20 Michael Martin: Holy Spirit Epistemology; * 21 Bertrand Russell; Can Religion Cure Our Troubles?; III. KNOWLEDGE; III.A. WHAT CAN WE KNOW? CLASSICAL THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE; 22. Rene Descartes: Cartesian Doubt and the Search for Foundational Knowledge; 23. John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge; 24. George Berkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge; 25. David Hume: The Origin of Our Ideas and Skepticism about Causal Reasoning; 26. John Hospers: An Argument Against Skepticism; III.B. TRUTH, RATIONALITY, AND COGNITIVE RELATIVISM; 27. Bertrand Russell: The Correspondence Theory of Truth; 28. William James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth; 29. Richard Rorty: Dismantling Truth: Solidarity versus Objectivity; 30. Daniel Dennett: Postmodernism and Truth; * 31 Harvey Siegel: Relativism; IV. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND: THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM; IV.A. WHAT AM I? A MIND OR A BODY?; 32. Rene Descartes: Dualistic Interactionism; 33. Gilbert Ryle: Exorcising Descartes' "Ghost in the Machine"; 34. J.P. Moreland: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism; 35. Paul Churchland: On Functionalism and Materialism; 36. Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat?; * 37 Jerry A. Fodor: The Mind-Body Problem; * 38 David Chalmers: Property Dualism; 39. John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Computers; IV.B. WHO AM I? DO WE HAVE PERSONAL IDENTITY?; 40. John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self; 41. David Hume: We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical; 42. Derek Parfit and Godfrey Vesey: Brain Transplants and Personal Identity: A Dialogue; IV.C. IS THERE LIFE AFTER DEATH? AM I IMMORTAL?; 43. Plato: Arguments for the Immortality of the Soul; 44. Paul Edwards: An Argument Against Survival: The Dependence of Consciousness on the Brain; 45. John Hick: In Defense of Immortality; V. FREEDOM OF THE WILL AND DETERMINISM; Contra; 46. Baron d'Holbach: We Are Completely Determined; Pro; 47. William James: The Dilemma of Determinism; 48. Corliss Lamont: Freedom of the Will and Human Responsibility; * 49 Roderick M. Chisholm: Human Freedom and the Self; Pro et Contra; 50. W.T. Stace: Compatibilism; 51. Harry Frankfurt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person; * 52 David Hume: Liberty and Necessity; Contra; 53. Richard Taylor: Fate; VI. ETHICS; VI.A. ARE THERE ANY MORAL ABSOLUTES OR IS MORALITY COMPLETELY RELATIVE?; 54. Ruth Benedict: Morality Is Relative; 55. James Rachels: Morality Is Not Relative; VI.B. ETHICS AND EGOISM: WHY SHOULD WE BE MORAL?; 56. Plato: Why Should I Be Moral?: Gyges' Ring and Socrates' Dilemma; 57. Ayn Rand: In Defense of Ethical Egoism; 58. Louis P. Pojman: A Critique of Ethical Egoism; VI.C. WHICH IS THE CORRECT ETHICAL THEORY?; 59. Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue; 60. Immanuel Kant: The Moral Law; 61. John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism; 62. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics; * 63 James Rachels: The Divine Command Theory; VII. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY; 64. Robert Paul Wolff: In Defense of Anarchism; 65. Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer; 66. John Locke: The Democratic Answer; 67. John Stuart Mill: A Classical Liberal Answer; 68. John Rawls: The Contemporary Liberal Answer; VIII. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE?; 69. Epicurus: Moderate Hedonism; 70. Epictetus: Stoicism; 71. Albert Camus: Life is Absurd; 72. Lois Hope Walker: Religion Gives Meaning to Life; 73. Thomas Nagel: The Absurd; 74. Bertrand Russell: Reflections on Suffering; IX. PHILOSOPHY IN ACTION; IX.A. IS ABORTION MORALLY PERMISSIBLE?; Contra; * 75 Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral; Pro; 76. Mary Anne Warren: Abortion Is Morally Permissible; * 77 Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion; Pro et Contra; 78. Jane English: The Moderate Position; IX.B. IS THE DEATH PENALTY MORALLY PERMISSIBLE?; Pro; 79. Burton Leiser: The Death Penalty Is Permissible; 80. Hugo Adam Bedau: No, the Death Penalty Is Not Morally Permissible; IX.C. DO ANIMALS HAVE RIGHTS?; Pro; 81. Peter Singer: The Case for Animal Liberation; Contra; 82. Carl Cohen: The Case Against Animal Rights; IX.D. IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION MORALLY JUSTIFIED?; Pro; 83. Albert Mosley: The Case for Affirmative Action; Contra; 84. Louis P. Pojman: The Case Against Affirmative Action; Appendix: How to Read and Write a Philosophy Paper; Glossary