Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Common Leveraged Finance Terms
7
General Terms 7
Yield and Spread Definitions 11
Questions 14
Chapter 3 Defining the Market and the Ratings Agencies
17
Chapter 4 The Participants 21
The Issuers 21
The Sell Side 22
The Buy Side 23
Private Equity 25
Chapter 5 Why Is Leveraged Finance Analysis Unique?
27
Chapter 6 The Major Components of Analysis
31
The Components 32
A Pragmatic Point on the Various Aspects of Analysis
34
Chapter 7 Some Features of Bank Loans
35
Questions 40
Chapter 8 A Primer on Prices, Yields, and Spreads
41
The Basics 41
A Few Points on Yields 43
A Few Points on Spreads 43
Bank Loan Coupons 44
Duration 45
Total Returns 45
Deferred Payment Bonds: Prices and Yields
46
A Pragmatic Point on Terminology 48
Questions 49
Chapter 9 A Primer on Key Points of Financial
Statement Analysis 51
EBITDA 52
Capital Expenditures 57
Interest Expenses 58
Taxes 59
Changes in Working Capital 59
Free Cash Flow 61
The Balance Sheet 62
A Pragmatic Point on Financial Statements
64
Questions 65
Chapter 10 Credit Ratios 67
EBITDA/Interest Ratio 69
Debt/EBITDA 72
A Pragmatic Point on the Leverage Ratio
76
A Pragmatic Point on Valuations 77
Free Cash Flow Ratios 79
Changes in Working Capital 80
Dividends 80
Acquisitions 80
One-Time Charges 81
The FCF/Debt Ratio 82
A Pragmatic Point on Free Cash Flow 82
Questions 84
Chapter 11 Business Trend Analysis and Operational Ratios
85
Business Trends 86
Margins and Expenses 88
Capital Expenditures 91
Questions 93
Chapter 12 Expectations, Modeling, and Scenarios
95
Sales and Revenue 96
A Full Model 99
Scenarios 108
A Pragmatic Point on Bank Maintenance Covenants and Expectations
110
Questions 112
Chapter 13 Structural Issues: Coupons
113
Loan Coupons 113
Bond Coupons 115
Zero and Zero-Step Coupons 115
How the Coupon Is Determined 121
Modeling Changes in Coupons 122
Questions 123
Chapter 14 Structural Issues: Maturities, Calls, and Puts
125
Maturities 125
Calls 126
Clawback 129
10% Call 130
Cash Flow Sweeps 131
AHYDO 132
Other Bank Prepayments 132
Open-Market Repurchases 133
A Pragmatic Point on Early Refinancing of Debt
134
Questions 136
Chapter 15 Structural Issues: Ranking of Debt
137
Ranking 138
Structural Subordination 141
Subsidiary Guarantees 145
Questions 148
Chapter 16 Key Leveraged Finance Covenants
149
Debt Incurrence 151
Defined Terms and Carve-outs 153
Defined Term Examples 154
Carve-outs 155
Restricted Payments 156
Change of Control 158
Asset Sale 160
Reporting Requirements 161
Other Covenants 162
Affirmative/Maintenance Covenants 163
Restricted and Unrestricted Groups 165
Questions 167
Chapter 17 Amendments, Waivers, and Consents
169
Questions 177
Chapter 18 Making Money or Losing It Off of News Events
179
Scenario: An Issuer Makes an Acquisition
180
FastFoodCo (FFC) Facts 180
GoodFoodCo (GFC) Facts 181
Deal Facts 181
Scenario: The Issuer Gets Bought 185
Scenario: An Issuer Announces an IPO
189
Scenario: An Issuer Is Facing a Maturity
192
A Pragmatic Point on the Blended Price to Retire Debt
194
Questions 195
Chapter 19 Management and Ownership 197
Chapter 20 I’m Looking at Debt, So Why Does Equity Matter
201
Valuation 201
Monitoring Equities 206
Questions 208
Chapter 21 Value, Relative Value, and Comparable Analysis
209
Questions 216
Chapter 22 New Issuance 217
Chapter 23 Distressed Credits, Bankruptcy, and Distressed
Exchanges 221
Claims 224
Classes of Claims 226
Subordination 227
Claims Arising from Bankruptcy 229
Valuing the Enterprise 230
Sale or Restructuring 231
Restructuring Without Bankruptcy 234
A Few Pragmatic Points on Bankruptcy Reorganizations
236
Questions 238
Chapter 24 Preparing a Credit Snapshot
239
Chapter 25 The Investment Decision Process
243
A Sample Investment Process 244
Big-Picture Items 245
The Company 245
Credit Fundamentals 246
Event Analysis 246
Security Analysis 247
Relative Value and Return 247
The Decision 247
Some Investment Traps 248
Chapter 26 Closing Comments 251
Answers 253
Index 259
The high-yield leveraged bond and loan market ("junk bonds") is now valued at $3+ trillion in North America, EURO1 trillion in Europe, and another $1 trillion in emerging markets. What's more, based on the maturity schedules of already issued debt, it's poised for massive growth. To successfully issue, evaluate, and invest in high-yield debt, however, financial professionals need credit and bond analysis skills specific to these instruments. Now, for the first time, there's a complete, practical, and expert tutorial and workbook covering all facets of modern leveraged finance analysis.
Credit Suisse managing director Bob Kricheff explains why conventional analysis techniques are inadequate for leveraged instruments, clearly defines the unique challenges sellers and buyers face, walks step-by-step through deriving essential data for pricing and decision-making, and demonstrates how to apply it. Using practical examples, sample documents, Excel worksheets, and intuitive graphs, Kricheff covers:
Robert S. Kricheff, Managing Director and Head of the Americas High Yield Sector Strategy for Credit Suisse, has more than 20 years of experience in credit analysis. He has followed industries including media, cable, satellite, telecom, gaming, entertainment, healthcare, and energy; worked with emerging market corporates; and performed both strategy and portfolio analysis. His work has covered investment vehicles including bonds, converts, loans, preferred stocks, and credit default swaps. He holds a BA from New York University in Economics, and an MS c from the University of London SOAS in Financial Economics.
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