Table of Contents

Critical Theories of the Gang 1.Utilizing Southern Criminology in the Global North: Applying Southern Criminology to Over-standings of English Gang Research 2.States of Emergency: Gangs, Benjamin, and the Challenge to Modern Sovereignty 3.The Birmingham School and Critical Gang Studies 4.The Gang as Secret Society 5.On Being Affected: Love, Law & Submission Among Gangsters 6.The Catholic Church and the Gangs: Toward a Liberationist Critique of Gang Violence 7.Gangs, space and the state: bringing Henri Lefebvre’s spatial theory to critical gang studies Critical Methodologies 8.Cultural Criminology and Gangs: Street Elitism and Politics in Late Modernity 9.Interviewing Gang Members: A Note on Research Design 10.New Standards for Social Practice Ethics? Researching Processes of Gang Exit with Former Gang Members 11.Filming (With) Gangs: An Essay on Visual Sociology in Barcelona 12.Why Gang Members are Dehumanized in Court 13.Gang Narratives and Race-Based Policing and Prosecution in New York City Policies and Repressive Models 14.Securitization and the Transnational Governing of Central American Gangs 15.Gangs and the Garrison State: (In)Security Politics and Democracy in Latin America 16.Misguided Strategy: New York City’s Decision to Criminalize Gangs 17.Off the Books and Off the Blocks:The Dual Economic Marginalization of Black Gang Members in Chicago 18.Responding to Exclusion in Hartford and the Evolution of a Gang Global Case Studies 19.The War on Gangs and Gangsters: The Latino/a Experience with Settler Colonialism 20.Indigenous Gangs in Western Canada 21.Transnationalism and Postnational Identities: The three lives of a Latin King 22.Race and Youth Gangs in France: Denial, Ambiguity, and Recognition 23.Performing ‘gang-ness’: the transformative "realness" of gang violence in the Netherlands 24.Stuck in Between: A Former Marero in the "European Capital" of Salvadoran Gangs 25.A Genealogy of Gangs in Hong Kong 26.Reimagining the Landscape of Gangs: Reflections from Bangladesh and China 27.Russian street gangs, their social construction and political use-value 28.The Fourth Corner of the Triangle: Gang transnationalism, fragmentation and evolution in Belize City 29.Gang governance in the Tropics: The political economy of violence and social order in contemporary Nicaragua 30.Understanding the dynamics and functions of gang violence: The case of El Salvador 31.The making of Central America’s Street Gangs 32.A Critical Criminology of Gangs and Organized Crime in Brazil 33.The Legalization of The Latin Kings in Ecuador: The Two Hands of The State, From the Production of Marginalization to Policies of Inclusion 34.Peace Processes in Ecuador 35.Gangs in the Post Chávez Bolivarian Revolution: How Mano Dura Policies and Political Pacts have Organized Crime in Venezuela 36.Gangs in Kenya: Work, Manhood and Security Culture and the Gang 37.Identity and Collective Resistance Among the Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation (New York) 38."They Treat Us Like Criminals in Front of our Kids": Gang-Affiliated Chicanas and Trails of Violence in the Barrio 39."The city got my back so the city on my back": Prisoner's Negation of the States’ Claims of Prisoner’s Humanity 40.Performance Narratives of Gang Identity and Membership 41.California Placaso: The Social Construction of Chicanx Gang Graffiti 42."Gangbangers are Gangbangers, Hustlers are Hustlers": The Rap Game, Social Media, and Gang Violence in Toronto Contexts and Spaces 43.Prison Gangs in the Northern Triangle: The Critical Contribution of Prison Studies to the Theory of Gangs 44.Doxa is Dangerous: How Academic Doxa Inhibits Prison Gang Research 45.Prison Gangs: Rise, Resistance and Reentry 46.A Legacy of Mapping Gang Neighborhoods in LA Critical Appraisals of Major Figures in Gang Research 47.Dwight Conquergood: An Appreciation of his Intellectual Life and Contribution to Critical Gang Studies 48.The Legacy of Joan Moore: A Revolution in Gang Research 49.The Legacy of James Diego Vigil: Rebelde Con Causa

About the Author

David C. Brotherton is Professor of Sociology at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Graduate Center at the City University of New York, where his research on youth resistance, marginalization and gangs led to the Street Organization Project in 1997. He has received numerous research grants from both private and public agencies and has published widely in journals, books, newspapers and magazines. Dr Brotherton currently co-directs the Social Change Project at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice and edits the Transgressive Studies book series at Temple University Press. In 2011 he was named Critical Criminologist of the Year and in 2015 was the recipient of the Praxis Award for contributions to social activism and justice.

Rafael Jose Gude is a Research Fellow with the Social Change and Transgressive Studies Project at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY. He has done extensive fieldwork with gangs in both El Salvador and Ecuador, where much of his research has focused on developing viable alternatives to the war on gangs. He has an MPhil in Latin American Studies from the University of Oxford.

Reviews

This will be one of the most widely read and cited anthologies in critical criminological history. David Brotherton and Rafael Gude assembled a group of highly respected scholars, all of whom have contributed rich reviews of the extant literature in their particular areas of critical gang studies. There is, indeed, no other book like this one, and it is a useful, "cutting-edge" resource for researchers, teachers, students, practitioners, and policy makers. Professor Walter S. Dekeseredy, West Virginia University Spanning the globe, this extraordinary book provides exciting and theoretically informed analyses that challenge the status quo, provoke difficult conversations, and compel the reader to view social justice and inequality as central to contemporary gang studies. A tour de force that will stimulate and create pause for reflection, it is simultaneously a major chronicle of our times. Rob White, Distinguished Professor of Criminology, University of Tasmania, Australia Canvassing a broad swath of the sociological literature on street gangs, this anthology will become a vital source of information for future gang researchers. No stone is left unturned. The authors cover gangs from theoretical, practical, and historical perspectives to comparative international viewpoints. It is an important contribution to critical gang studies.Mark S. Hamm, Professor of Criminology, Indiana State UniversityThis anthology of gang studies represents critical scholarship at its best. Written and edited by leading scholars in the field, this work contributes to our understanding of the historical, political, and cultural dynamics of the street gang on a global scale. It represents a refreshing antidote to conventional views which tend to pathologize such groups. It is essential reading for academics, practitioners, students, and anyone interested in a more humanist perspective.Tara Young, Lecturer in Criminal Justice and Criminology, Unviersity of KentGangs are much maligned, misunderstood and demonised. While gang members are caricatured as thugs, deviants, drug dealers and the criminals. Gangster is a term all too often mis-used to stigmatise the marginal and criminalise racial groupings of young people. Yet, gangs can be sites of resistance that offer marginalised young people a space for collective identify formation to contest the militarised policing and suppression efforts of settler colonialism that lingers in so many parts of the world. The Routledge Handbook of Critical Gang Studies unpacks these caricatures. Drawing on original studies from Africa, Central and Latin America, Asia, Canada, Europe and United States this compendium debunks the shortfalls of reactionary approaches, such as gang suppression. Based on rich ethnographies, biographies and qualitative methods the 49 chapters apply theories from critical, cultural, de-colonial, Indigenous, Latina and southern perspectives to unearth rich new understandings about gangs as spaces of identity, resistance and belonging. It is essential reading for anyone remotely connected to the correctional and criminal justice systems, such as social workers, police, lawyers, legislators and of course students and academics from an array of disciplines in the social sciences, including criminology, law, sociology, anthropology, social work, public policy, humanities, cultural studies and history. Professor Kerry Carrington, QUT Centre for Justice, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Australia

"This will be one of the most widely read and cited anthologies in critical criminological history. David Brotherton and Rafael Gude assembled a group of highly respected scholars, all of whom have contributed rich reviews of the extant literature in their particular areas of critical gang studies. There is, indeed, no other book like this one, and it is a useful, "cutting-edge" resource for researchers, teachers, students, practitioners, and policy makers." Walter S. Dekeseredy, Professor, West Virginia University "Spanning the globe, this extraordinary book provides exciting and theoretically informed analyses that challenge the status quo, provoke difficult conversations, and compel the reader to view social justice and inequality as central to contemporary gang studies. A tour de force that will stimulate and create pause for reflection, it is simultaneously a major chronicle of our times." Rob White, Distinguished Professor of Criminology, University of Tasmania, Australia "Canvassing a broad swath of the sociological literature on street gangs, this anthology will become a vital source of information for future gang researchers. No stone is left unturned. The authors cover gangs from theoretical, practical, and historical perspectives to comparative international viewpoints. It is an important contribution to critical gang studies."Mark S. Hamm, Professor of Criminology, Indiana State University"This anthology of gang studies represents critical scholarship at its best. Written and edited by leading scholars in the field, this work contributes to our understanding of the historical, political, and cultural dynamics of the street gang on a global scale. It represents a refreshing antidote to conventional views which tend to pathologize such groups. It is essential reading for academics, practitioners, students, and anyone interested in a more humanist perspective."Tara Young, Lecturer in Criminal Justice and Criminology, Unviersity of Kent"Gangs are much maligned, misunderstood and demonised. While gang members are caricatured as thugs, deviants, drug dealers and the criminals. Gangster is a term all too often mis-used to stigmatise the marginal and criminalise racial groupings of young people. Yet, gangs can be sites of resistance that offer marginalised young people a space for collective identify formation to contest the militarised policing and suppression efforts of settler colonialism that lingers in so many parts of the world. The Routledge Handbook of Critical Gang Studies unpacks these caricatures. Drawing on original studies from Africa, Central and Latin America, Asia, Canada, Europe and United States this compendium debunks the shortfalls of reactionary approaches, such as gang suppression. Based on rich ethnographies, biographies and qualitative methods the 49 chapters apply theories from critical, cultural, de-colonial, Indigenous, Latina and southern perspectives to unearth rich new understandings about gangs as spaces of identity, resistance and belonging. It is essential reading for anyone remotely connected to the correctional and criminal justice systems, such as social workers, police, lawyers, legislators and of course students and academics from an array of disciplines in the social sciences, including criminology, law, sociology, anthropology, social work, public policy, humanities, cultural studies and history." Kerry Carrington, Professor, QUT Centre for Justice, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Australia