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Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, Part One
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Table of Contents

  • Foreword by Arnold J. Toynbee
  • Introduction by Harold V. Livermore
  • Part One. Royal Commentaries of the Incas
  • To the Most Serene Princess
  • Preface to the Reader
  • Notes on the General Language of the Indians of Peru
  • Book One
    • I. Whether there are many worlds; it also treats of the five zones
    • II. Whether there are antipodes
    • III. How the New World was discovered
    • IV. The derivation of the name Peru
    • V. Authorities in confirmation of the name Peru
    • VI. What a certain author says about the name Peru
    • VII. Of other derivations of new names
    • VIII. The description of Peru
    • IX. The idolatry of the Indians and the gods they worshipped before the Incas
    • X. The great variety of other gods they had
    • XI. The kinds of sacrifices they made
    • XII. The life and government of the ancient Indians, and the things they ate
    • XIII. How they dressed in those ancient times
    • XIV. Different kinds of marriage and diverse languages; their use of poison and spells
    • XV. The origin of the Inca kings of Peru
    • XVI. The foundation of Cuzco, the imperial city
    • XVII. The people subdued by the first Inca Manco Cápac
    • XVIII. On some fabulous accounts of the origin of the Incas
    • XIX. The author’s declaration about his history
    • XX. The villages the first Inca ordered to be founded
    • XXI. The Inca’s teachings to his vassals
    • XXII. The honorable insignia that the Inca gave to his followers
    • XXIII. Other more honorable insignia and the name Inca
    • XXIV. The names and titles the Indians gave to their kings
    • XXV. The testament and death of the Inca Manco Cápac
    • XXVI. The royal names and their meanings
  • Book Two
    • I. The idolatry of the second period and its origin
    • II. The Incas glimpsed the true God, our Lord
    • III. The Incas kept a in a sacred place
    • IV. Of many gods wrongly attributed to the Indians by the Spanish historians
    • V. Of many other meanings of the word Huaca
    • VI. What an author says about their gods
    • VII. They apprehended the immortality of the soul and the universal resurrection
    • VIII. The things they sacrificed to the Sun
    • IX. The priests, rites and ceremonies, and laws attributed to the first Inca
    • X. The author compares what he has said with the statements of the Spanish historians
    • XI. They divided the empire into four districts; they made a census of their subjects
    • XII. Two duties performed by the decurions
    • XIII. On certain laws the Incas had in their government
    • XIV. The decurions gave an account of births and deaths
    • XV. The Indians deny that an Inca of the blood royal has ever committed any crime
    • XVI. The life and deeds of Sinchi Roca, the second Inca king
    • XVII. Lloque Yupanqui, the third ruler, and the meaning of his name
    • XVIII. Two conquests made by the Inca Lloque Yupanqui
    • XIX. The conquest of Hatun Colla and the pride of the Collas
    • XX. The great province of Chucuitu peacefully reduced; and many other provinces likewise
    • XXI. The sciences known to the Incas: first, astrology
    • XXII. They understood the measurement of the year, and the solstices and equinoxes
    • XXIII. They observed eclipses of the sun, and what they did at eclipses of the moon
    • XXIV. The medicines they had and their way of curing themselves
    • XXV. The medicinal herbs they used
    • XXVI. Their knowledge of geometry, geography, arithmetic, and music
    • XXVII. The poetry of Inca amautas, or philosophers, and harauicus, or poets
    • XXVIII. The few instruments used by the Indians for their crafts
  • Book Three
    • I. Maita Cápac, the fourth Inca, conquers Tiahuanaco; the buildings there
    • II. Hatunpacassa is reduced and Cac-Yaviri conquered
    • III. Those who surrendered are pardoned; the explanation of the fable
    • IV. Three provinces are reduced and others conquered; colonies are established; those who use poison are punished
    • V. The Inca gains three provinces and wins a hard-fought battle
    • VI. Those of Huaichu surrender; they are courteously pardoned
    • VII. Many towns are reduced; the Inca orders the construction of a bridge of osiers
    • VIII. Many tribes are reduced voluntarily to submission by fame of the bridge
    • IX. The Inca gains many other great provinces, and dies in peace
    • X. Cápac Yupanqui, the fifth king, wins many provinces in Cuntisuyu
    • XI. The conquest of the Aimaras [Umasuyu]; they forgive the curacas; they place landmarks on their boundaries
    • XII. The Inca sends an army to conquer the Quechuas; they agree to submit
    • XIII. They conquer many valleys on the seacoast, and punish sodomy
    • XIV. Two great curacas bring their dispute to the Inca and become his subjects
    • XV. They make a bridge of straw, reeds, and rushes over the Desaguadero; Chayanta is conquered
    • XVI. Various devices used by the Indians for crossing rivers and fishing
    • XVII. Of the conquest of five great provinces, besides other smaller ones
    • XVIII. Prince Inca Roca reduces many great provinces, both inland and on the coast
    • XIX. They take Indians from the seacoast to found colonies inland; the Inca Cápac Yupanqui dies
    • XX. The description of the temple of the Sun and its great wealth
    • XXI. The cloister of the temple and the dwelling places of the Moon, stars, thunder, lightning, and rainbow
    • XXII. The name of the high priest, and other parts of the house
    • XXIII. The places for sacrifices and the threshold where they took off their sandals to enter the temple; their fountains
    • XXIV. The garden of gold and other riches of the temple, in imitation of which there are many others throughout the empire
    • XXV. The famous temple of Titicaca and its fables and allegories
  • Book Four
    • I. The house of the virgins dedicated to the Sun
    • II. The rules and duties of the chosen virgins
    • III. The veneration they had for things made by the virgins and the law against those who might violate them
    • IV. There were many other houses of chosen virgins; the strict application of their laws is proved
    • V. The service and ornaments of the virgins; they were never given in marriage to anyone
    • VI. The women who were favored by the Inca
    • VII. Other women who preserved their virginity, and widows
    • VIII. How they usually married and set up house
    • IX. The heir to the throne married his sister; the reasons they gave for this
    • X. Various ways of inheriting estates
    • XI. The weaning, shearing, and naming of their children
    • XII. They brought up their children without pampering them
    • XIII. The life and duties of married women
    • XIV. How women visited one another; how they kept their clothes; public women
    • XV. Inca Roca, the sixth king, conquers many nations, among them the Chancas and Hancohuallu
    • XVI. Prince Yáhuar Huácac and the meaning of his name
    • XVII. The idols of the Anti Indians and the conquest of the Charcas
    • XVIII. The reasoning of the elders and how they received the Inca
    • XIX. Some laws made by King Inca Roca; the schools he founded in Cuzco, and some of his sayings
    • XX. The seventh king, the Inca “Weeping-Blood,” his fears and his conquests, and the disgrace of the prince
    • XXI. A warning given by an apparition to the prince to be conveyed to his father
    • XXII. The discussions of the Incas about the apparition’s message
    • XXIII. The rebellion of the Chancas; their ancient deeds
    • XXIV. The Inca abandons the city; the prince saves it
  • Book Five
    • I. How they increased the agricultural land and divided it among their vassals
    • II. Their system of agriculture; the festival of tilling the land assigned to the Inca and the Sun
    • III. The quantity of soil given to each Indian, and how it was manured
    • IV. How they shared water for irrigation; they punished idlers and slackers
    • V. The tribute they paid the Inca and the reckoning of their bins
    • VI. Clothing, footwear, and arms were supplied for the warriors
    • VII. Gold, silver, and other objects of value were not offered as tribute, but as presents
    • VIII. The storing of supplies and their use
    • IX. They supplied clothing for their subjects; there were no beggars
    • X. The system of stock-raising and division of the flocks; wild animals
    • XI. The laws and ordinances of the Incas for the benefit of their vassals
    • XII. How they conquered and civilized new vassals
    • XIII. How they appointed officials for every kind of duty
    • XIV. Their system of dealing with property, both public and private
    • XV. How they paid their tribute, the amount of it, and the laws concerning it
    • XVI. The system of collecting tribute; how the Inca rewarded the curacas for the precious objects they offered him
    • XVII. Inca Viracocha has news of his enemies, and of assistance coming to him
    • XVIII. A very bloody battle; it is won by a stratagem
    • XIX. The liberality of Prince Inca Viracocha after the victory
    • XX. The prince pursues the enemy, returns to Cuzco, has an interview with his father, and dispossesses him of the empire
    • XXI. On the name Viracocha, and why it was applied to the Spaniards
    • XXII. Inca Viracocha has a temple built in memory of his uncle, the phantom
    • XXIII. A famous painting; the rewards given to the Inca’s allies
    • XXIV. New provinces subdued by the Inca; and an irrigation channel to water the grazing land
    • XXV. The Inca visits his empire; ambassadors come and offer him their vassalage
    • XXVI. The flight of the brave Hancohuallu from the Inca empire
    • XXVII. Colonies settled on Hancohuallu’s lands; the vale of Y’úcay described
    • XXVIII. He names his first-born, and prophesies the coming of the Spaniards
    • XXIX. The death of Inca Viracocha; the author saw his body
  • Book Six
    • I. The fabric and adornment of the royal houses
    • II. They copied all sorts of objects in gold and silver with which to adorn the royal palaces
    • III. The accounts of the royal household; and those who carried the king’s litter
    • IV. Halls used as meeting places and other aspects of the royal palaces
    • V. How the kings were buried; their obsequies lasted a year
    • VI. The solemn hunting excursions made by the kings throughout the country
    • VII. Posts and relays, and the messages they carried
    • VIII. They counted by threads and knots; the accountants were extremely accurate
    • IX. What they recorded in their accounts, and how these were read
    • X. Inca Pachacútec visits his empire; he conquers the Huanca tribe
    • XI. Other provinces won by the Inca; their customs and the punishment of sodomy
    • XII. Buildings, laws, and new conquests made by Inca Pachacútec
    • XIII. The Inca subdues the hostile provinces by hunger and military strategy
    • XIV. The good curaca Huamanchucu, and how he was subdued
    • XV. The people of Cajamarca resist, but eventually surrender
    • XVI. The conquest of Yauyu, and triumph of the Incas, uncle and nephew
    • XVII. Two valleys are subdued; Chincha replies arrogantly
    • XVIII. The obstinacy of Chincha; its final surrender
    • XIX. The ancient conquests and false boasting of the Chinchas
    • XX. The principal feast of the Sun, and how they prepared for it
    • XXI. They worshipped the Sun, went to his house, and sacrificed a lamb
    • XXII. The auguries of their sacrifices, and the use of fire
    • XXIII. How they drank to one another, and in what order
    • XXIV. How the Incas were armed knights, and the tests they were submitted to
    • XXV. They were required to know how to make their own arms and their shoes
    • XXVI. The prince underwent the ordeal, and was treated more severely than the rest
    • XXVII. The Inca awarded the insignia to the leading candidate, and a member of his family to the rest
    • XXVIII. The insignia of the kings and other Incas, and the masters of the novices
    • XXIX. The surrender of Chuquimancu, lord of four valleys
    • XXX. The valleys of Pachacámac and Rímac, and their idols
    • XXXI. They summon Cuismancu to capitulate; his answer and the terms
    • XXXII. They go to conquer King Chimu; a cruel war is waged
    • XXXIII. The obstinacy and misfortunes of the great Chimu, and how he surrendered
    • XXXIV. The Inca aggrandizes his empire; his activities until his death
    • XXXV. He increased the number of schools, and made laws for their good government
    • XXXVI. Many other laws of Inca Pachacútec; his words of wisdom
  • Book Seven
    • I. The Incas established colonies; they had two languages
    • II. The heirs of chiefs were brought up at court; the reasons for this
    • III. The language of the court
    • IV. The usefulness of the language of the court
    • V. The third solemn festival in honor of the sun
    • VI. The fourth festival; the fasts; and their way of purging their ills
    • VII. A nocturnal rite for expelling ills from the city
    • VIII. The description of the imperial city of Cuzco
    • IX. The city contained the description of the whole empire
    • X. The site of the schools, that of three royal palaces, and that of the chosen virgins
    • XI. The wards and houses to the west of the stream
    • XII. Two donations made by the city for charitable purposes
    • XIII. King Inca Yupanqui seeks to make a new conquest
    • XIV. The events of the expedition to Musu until its completion
    • XV. Traces found of this expedition
    • XVI. Other unfortunate occurrences in the same province
    • XVII. The Chirihuana tribe, its life and customs
    • XVIII. Preparations for the conquest of Chile
    • XIX. The Incas win the regions as far as the valley called Chile; the messages and replies they exchanged with other new tribes
    • XX. A cruel battle between the Incas and other tribes; the first Spaniards who discovered Chile
    • XXI. The rebellion of Chile against Governor Valdivia
    • XXII. A new order of battle; the stratagem of the old Indian captain
    • XXIII. The Indians prevail owing to a treacherous plan executed by one of their number
    • XXIV. Valdivia slain; the war has continued for fifty years
    • XXV. New misfortunes in the kingdom of Chile
    • XXVI. The peaceful life and occupations of King Inca Yupanqui until his death
    • XXVII. The fortress of Cuzco; the size of its stones
    • XXVIII. The three circumvallations, the most remarkable part of the work
    • XXIX. Three towers, the master masons, and the Weary Stone
  • Book Eight
    • I. The conquest of the province of Huacrachucu, and the meaning of its name
    • II. The conquest of the first villages in the province of Chachapoya
    • III. The conquest of other villages and of other barbarous tribes
    • IV. The conquest of three large, warlike, and recalcitrant provinces
    • V. The conquest of the Cañari province; tis riches and its temple
    • VI. The conquest of many other large provinces as far as the confines of Quito
    • VII. The Inca conquers Quito; Prince Huaina Cápac is present
    • VIII. The three marriages of Huaina Cápac; the death of his father; his sayings
    • IX. Maize and what they call rice, and other seeds
    • X. The vegetables that grow in the earth
    • XI. The fruit of larger [plants and] trees
    • XII. The mulli tree and the pimento
    • XIII. The maguey tree and its uses
    • XIV. The banana, the pineapple, and other fruits
    • XV. The precious leaf called coca, and tobacco
    • XVI. Their tame animals; the flock they kept
    • XVII. The wild flocks and other creatures
    • XVIII. Lions, bears, tigers, and monkeys
    • XIX. Land and water fowl, tame and wild
    • XX. Partridges, pigeons, and other lesser birds
    • XXI. Varieties of parrots; their talkativeness
    • XXII. Four famous rivers; the fish found in Peruvian rivers
    • XXIII. Emeralds, turquoises, and pearls
    • XXIV. Gold and silver
    • XXV. Quicksilver, and how metal was founded before the use of quicksilver
  • Book Nine
    • I. Huaina Cápac orders a golden cable to be made; the reason for this and its purpose
    • II. Ten of the coastal valleys give in of their own free will, and Túmbez surrenders
    • III. The punishment of those who killed the officials left by Túpac Inca Yupanqui
    • IV. The Inca visits his empire, consults the oracles, and gains the island of Puna
    • V. The people of Puna kill Huaina Cápac’s captains
    • VI. The punishment of the rebels
    • VII. The mutiny of the Chachapoyas, and Huaina Cápac’s magnanimity
    • VIII. The gods and customs of the Manta tribe; their subjugation and that of other savage peoples
    • IX. The giants of those parts and how they met their deaths
    • X. What Huaina Cápac said about the Sun
    • XI. The revolt of the Caranques; their punishment
    • XII. Huaina Cápac makes his son Atahuallpa king of Quito
    • XIII. Two famous roads in Peru
    • XIV. Huaina Cápac heard that the Spaniards were off the coast
    • XV. The testament and death of Huaina Cápac and the prophecy of the arrival of the Spaniards
    • XVI. Mares and horses; how they were bred in the early days and their great value
    • XVII. Cows and oxen; their prices, high and low
    • XVIII. Camels, asses, and goats; their prices and their breeding in Peru
    • XIX. Pigs; their great fertility
    • XX. Sheep and domestic cats
    • XXI. Rabbits and pure-bred dogs
    • XXII. Rats; their great numbers
    • XXIII. Fowls and pigeons
    • XXIV. Wheat
    • XXV. The vine; the first man to grow grapes in Cuzco
    • XXVI. Wine; the first man to make it in Cuzco; its price
    • XXVII. The olive; its first importer into Peru
    • XXVIII. The fruits of Spain and the sugarcane
    • XXIX. Garden plants and herbs; their size
    • XXX. Flax, asparagus, carrots, and aniseed
    • XXXI. New names for various racial groups
    • XXXII. Huáscar Inca demands that his brother Atahuallpa shall do homage to him
    • XXXIII. Atahuallpa’s devices to allay his brother’s suspicions
    • XXXIV. Huáscar is warned and calls up his warriors
    • XXXV. The battle of the Incas; Atahuallpa’s victory and his cruelties
    • XXXVI. The cause of Atahuallpa’s atrocities and their most cruel effects
    • XXXVII. The same cruel treatment is extended to the women and children of the royal blood
    • XXXVIII. Some members of the royal blood escape Atahuallpa’s cruelties
    • XXXIX. Atahuallpa’s cruelty extends to the servants of the royal house
    • XL. The surviving descendants of the royal blood of the Incas
  • Index

About the Author

Garcilaso de la Vega (1539–1616) wrote numerous works of history and poetry.

Editor Harold V. Livermore was a professor of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of British Columbia.

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