Table of Contents

Part I:  Overview.- 1:  Historical Perspectives of LESS and NOTES.- 2:  Overview:  Rationale and Terminology.- 3: Visualization Options.- 4: LESS: Ports and Instrumentation.- 5: Retraction Systems in Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery and NOTES.- 6:   Exit Strategies.- 7: Mini-Laparoscopic Systems.- 8: Access: Transgastric.- 9: Access:  Transcolonic.- 10: Access:  Transvaginal.- 11: Access:  Trans-Vesical.- 12:Access: Trans-Umbilical.- Part II:  NOTES (Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery).- 13: NOTES: Laboratory Work.- 14: NOTES: Appendectomy.- 15: NOTES: Cholecystectomy (European Experience).- 16: NOTES:  Cholecystectomy (US Experience).- 17: NOTES: Gastro-Jejunostomy.- 18:  NOTES: Nephrectomy.- 19: NOTES: Challenges.- Part III:  LESS (Laparo-Endoscopic Single Site Surgery).- 20: LESS:  Pyeloplasty.- 21:  LESS:  Extirpative Renal Surgery Including Donor.- 22: LESS: Adrenal Surgery.- 23: LESS: Pelvic Reconstructive Urological Surgery.- 24: LESS:  Radical Prostatectomy.- 25: Single Port Laparoscopy:  Issues and Complications.- Part IV:  Future Perspectives.- 26:  Robotic LESS Urological Surgery: Experience and Future Perspectives.- 27: Future Perspectives on Scarless Surgery: Where We Have Been and Where We Are Going.