Table of Contents

I. Early Modern Europe 1. The Rise of Modernity 1. The Humanists' Fascination with Antiquity; Petrarch: The Father of Humanism; Leonardo Bruni: Study of Greek Literature and a Humanist Educational Program 2. Human Dignity; Pico della Mirandola: Oration on the Dignity of Man 3. Break with Medieval Political Theory; Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince 4. The Lutheran Reformation; Martin Luther: On Papal Power, Justification by Faith, the Interpretation of the Bible, and the Nature of the Clergy 5. Justification of Absolute Monarchy by Divine Right; Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet: Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture 6. A Secular Defense of Absolutism; Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan 7. The Triumph of Constitutional Monarchy in England: The Glorious Revolution; The English Declaration of Rights 2. The Scientific Revolution 1. The Copernican Revolution; Nicolaus Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres;, Cardinal Bellarmine: Attack on the Copernican Theory 2. Expanding the New Astronomy; Galileo Galilei: The Starry Messenger 3. Critique of Authority; Galileo Galilei: Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina and Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems--Ptolemaic and Copernican 4. Prophet of Modern Science; Francis Bacon: Attack on Authority and Advocacy of Experimental Science 5. The Circulation of the Blood; William Harvey: The Motions of the Heart and Blood in Animals 6. The Autonomy of the Mind; Rene Descartes: Discourse on Method 7. The Mechanical Universe; Isaac Newton: Principia Mathematica 3. The Enlightenment 1. The Enlightenment Outlook; Immanuel Kant: What is Enlightenment? 2. Political Liberty; John Locke: Second Treatise on Government; Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence 3. Attack on Religion; Voltaire: A Plea for Tolerance and Reason; Thomas Paine: The Age of Reason; Baron d'Holbach: Good Sense 4. Epistemology and Education; John Locke: Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Claude Helvetius: Essays on the Mind and A Treatise on Man 5. Compendium of Knowledge; Denis Diderot: Encyclopedia 6. Rousseau: Political Reform; Jean Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract 7. Humanitarianism; Caesare Beccaria: On Crimes and Punishments; John Howard: Prisons in England and Wales; Denis Diderot: Encyclopedia: "Men and Their Liberty are Not Objects of Commerce;" Marquis de Condorcet: The Evils of Slavery 8. Literature as Satire: Critiques of European Society; Voltaire: Candide; Denis Diderot: Supplement to the Voyage of Bouganville; Montesquieu: The Persian Letters; Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels II. Modern Europe 4. Era of the French Revolution 1. Abuses of the Old Regime; Grievances of the Third Estate; Emmanuel Sieyes: Bourgeois Disdain for Special Privileges of the Aristocracy 2. The Role of the Philosophes; Alexis de Tocqueville: Critique of the Old Regime 3. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity; Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens 4. Expansion of Human Rights; Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Women; Society of the Friends of Blacks: Address to the National Assembly in Favor of the Abolition of the Slave Trade; Petition of the Jews of Paris, Alsace, and Lorraine to the National Assembly, January 28, 1790 5. The Jacobin Regime; Maximilien Robespierre: Republic of Virtue; Abbe Carrichon: The Guillotine; General Louis de Lignieres Turreau: Uprising in the Vendee 6. Napoleon: Destroyer and Preserver of the Revolution; Napoleon Bonaparte: Leader, General, Tyrant, Reformer 5. The Industrial Revolution 1. Early Industrialization; Edward Baines: Britain's Industrial Advantages and the Factory System; Adam Smith: The Division of Labor 2. The New Science of Political Economy; Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations; Thomas R. Malthus: On the Principle of Population 3. The Dark Side of Industrialization; Sadler Commission: Report on Child Labor; Friedrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in England 4. Factory Discipline; Factory Rules 5. The Capitalist Ethic; Samuel Smiles: Self-Help; Samuel Smiles: Thrift 6. Romanticism, Reaction, Revolution 1. Romanticism; William Wordsworth: Tables Turned; William Blake: Milton; Bettina Brentano von Arnim: Beethoven 2. Conservatism; Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France; Klemens von Metternich: The Odious Ideas of the Philosophes; Joseph de Maistre: Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions 3. Liberalism; Benjamin Constant: On the Limits of Popular Sovereignty; John Stuart Mill: On Liberty 4. Modern Nationalism; Ernst Moritz Arndt: The War of Liberation; Giuseppe Mazzini: Young Italy 5. 1848: The Year of Revolutions; Alexis de Tocqueville: The June Days; Carl Schurz: Revolution Spreads to the German States 7. Thought and Culture in an Age of Science and Industry 1. Realism in Literature; Charles Dickens: Hard Times; Henrik Ibsen: A Doll's House 2. Theory of Evolution; Charles Darwin: Natural Selection 3. The Socialist Revolution; Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Communist Manifesto 4. The Evolution of Liberalism; Thomas Hill Green: Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract; Herbert Spencer: The Man Versus the State 8. Politics and Society, 1845-1914 1. The Lower Classes; Jeanne Bouvier: The Pains of Poverty; Nikolaus Osterroth: The Yearning for Social Justice; William Booth: In Darkest England; M. I. Pokrovskaya: Working Conditions for Women in Russian Factories 2. Prostitution; Henry Mayhew: Prostitution in Victorian London; Guy de Maupassant: The Odyssey of a Prostitute; William W. Sanger: Prostitution in Hamburg 3. Feminism and Antifeminism; John Stuart Mill: The Subjection of Women; Emmeline Pankhurst: Why We Are Militant; Hubertine Auclert: La Citoyenne; The Goncourt Brothers: On Female Inferiority; Almroth E. Wright: The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage 4. German Racial Nationalism; Houston Stewart Chamberlain: The Importance of Race 5. Anti-Semitism: Regression to the Irrational; Hermann Ahlwardt: The Semitic Versus the Teutonic Race; Edouard Drumont: Jewish France; The Kishinev Pogrom, 1903; Theodor Herzl: The Jewish State 6. The Revolution of 1905 in Russia; George Capon and Ivan Vasimov: Petition to the Tsar 9. European Imperialism 1. The Spirit of British Imperialism; Cecil Rhodes: Confession of Faith; Joseph Chamberlain: The British Empire: Colonial Commerce and "The White Man's Burden"; Karl Pearson: Social Darwinism: Imperialism Justified by Nature; John Atkinson Hobson: An Early Critique of Imperialism 2. European Rule in Africa; Cecil Rhodes and Lo Bengula: Imperialism in Practice; Winston S. Churchill: The Battle of Omdurman; Edmund Morel: The Black Man's Burden; Richard Meinertzhagen: An Embattled Colonial Officer in East Africa; Albert Schweitzer: A Concerned Doctor in Tropical Africa 3. British Rule in India; Lord Lytton: Speech to the Calcutta Legislature, 1878; Mohandas K. Gandhi: Passive Resistance 10. Modern Consciousness 1. The Overman and the Will to Power; Friedrich Nietzsche: The Will to Power, The Antichrist 2. The Unconscious; Sigmund Freud: The Unconscious, Civilization and Its Discontents 3. The Political Potential of the Irrational; Gustave Le Bon: Mass Psychology 4. Human Irrationality in the Modernist Novel; Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness; Franz Kafka: The Trial 5. Modern Art and the Questioning of Western Values; Filippo Tommaso Marinetti: Manifesto of Futurism; Tristan Tzara: Dada III. Western Civilization in Crisis 11. World War I 1. Militarism; Heinrich von Treitschke: The Greatness of War; Friedrich von Bernhardi: Germany and the Next War 2. Pan-Serbism: Nationalism and Terrorism; The Black Hand 3. War as Celebration: The Mood in European Capitals; Roland Doregeles: Paris: "That Fabulous Day"; Stefan Zweig: Vienna: "The Rushing Feeling of Fraternity"; Philipp Scheidemann: Berlin: "The Hour We Yearned For"; Bertrand Russell: London: "Average Men and Women Were Delighted at the Prospect of War" 4. Trench Warfare; Erich Maria Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front; Siegfried Sassoon: Base Details; Wilfred Owen: Disabled 5. Women at War; Naomi Loughnan: Genteel Women in the Factories; Magda Trott: Opposition to Female Employment; Russian Women in Combat 6. The Paris Peace Conference; Woodrow Wilson: The Idealistic View; Georges Clemenceau: French Demands for Security and Revenge 7. The Bolshevik Revolution; Army Intelligence Report: The Breakdown of Military Discipline; N. N. Sukhanov: Trotsky Arouses the People; V. I. Lenin: The Call to Power 8. The War and European Consciousness; Paul Valery: Disillusionment; Erich Maria Remarque: The Lost Generation; Ernst von Salomon: Brutalization of the Individual; Sigmund Freud: A Legacy of Embitterment 12. Era of Totalitarianism 1. Modernize or Perish; Joseph Stalin: The Hard Line 2. Forced Collectivization; Joseph Stalin: Liquidation of the Kulaks; Lev Kopelev: Terror in the Countryside 3. Famine in Ukraine; Miron Dolot: Execution by Hunger 4. Soviet Indoctrination; A. O. Avdienko: The Cult of Stalin; Yevgeny Yevtushenko: Literature as Propaganda 5. Stalin's Terror; Nikita Khrushchev: Khrushchev's Secret Speech; Lev Razgon: True Stories 6. The Rise of Italian Fascism; Benito Mussolini: Fascist Doctrines 7. The Great Depression; Max Cohen: I Was One of the Unemployed; Heinrich Hauser: With Germany's Unemployed 8. The Rise of Nazism; Adolf Hitler: Mein Kampf; Kurt G. W. Ludecke: The Demagogic Orator; Thomas Mann: An Appeal to Reason 9. The Leader-State; Ernst Huber: "The Authority of the Fuhrer Is... All-Inclusive and Unlimited" 10. The Nazification of Culture and Society; Johannes Stark: "Jewish Science" Versus "German Science"; Jakob Graf: Hereditary and Racial Biology for Students; Louis P. Lochner: Book Burning; Joseph Roth: "The Auto-Da-Fe of the Mind" 11. Persecution of the Jews; Hertha Nathorff: A German Jewish Doctor's Diary; Marta Appel: Memoirs of a German Jewish Woman 13. World War II 1. Prescient Observers of Nazi Germany; Horace Rumbold: "Pacifism Is the Deadliest of Sins"; George S. Messersmith: "The Nazis Were After ... Unlimited Territorial Expansion" 2. The Anschluss, March 1938; Stefan Zweig: The World of Yesterday 3. The Munich Agreement; Neville Chamberlain: In Defense of Appeasement; Winston Churchill: "A Disaster of the First Magnitude" 4. World War II Begins; Adolf Hitler: "Poland Will Be Depopulated and Settled with Germans" 5. The Fall of France; Heinz Guderian: "French Leadership ... Could Not Grasp the Significance of the Tank in Mobile Warfare" 6. The Battle of Britain; Winston Churchill: "Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat" 7. Nazi Propaganda: for Volk, Fuhrer, and Fatherland; The Indoctrination of the German Soldier 8. Stalingrad: A Turning Point; William Hoffman: Diary of a German Soldier; Anton Kuzmich Dragan: A Soviet Veteran Recalls; Joachim Wieder: Memories and Reassessments 9. The Holocaust; Hermann Graebe: Slaughter of Jews in the Ukraine; Rudolf Hoess: Commandant of Auschwitz; Y. Pfeffer: Concentration Camp Life and Death 10. D-Day, June 6, 1944; Historical Division, War Department: Omaha Beachhead 11. The End of the Third Reich; Nerin E. Gun: The Liberation of Dachau; Joseph Goebbels: "The Morale of the German People, Both at Home and at the Front, Is Sinking Ever Lower"; Marie Neumann: "We're in the Hands of a Mob, Not Soldiers, and They're All Drunk out of Their Minds"; Adolf Hitler: Political Testament 14. Western Europe: The Dawn of a New Era 1. The Aftermath: Devastation and Demoralization; Stephen Spender: European Witness; Bruno Foa: Europe in Ruins 2. The Cold War; Winston Churchill: "The Iron Curtain"; Nikita S. Khrushchev: Report to the Twentieth Party Congress 3. Communist Repression; Milovan Djilas: The New Class; Andor Heller: The Hungarian Revolution, 1956 4. The Twilight of Imperialism; Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Vietnam, September 2, 1945; Ndabaningi Sithole: Imperialism's Benefits by an Anti-Imperialist African 5. Germany Confronts Its Past; Hannah Vogt: The Burden of Guilt; Richard von Weizsacker: "We Seek Reconciliation"; Elie Wiesel: Reflections of a Survivor IV. The Contemporary World 15. The West in an Age of Globalism 1. The Collapse of Communism; Vaclav Havel: The Failure of Communism 2. Globalization: Patterns and Problems; Fareed Zakaria: "Democracy Has Its Dark Sides"; Amy Chua: "Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability"; Samuel P. Huntington: The Clash of Civilizations 3. Radical Islamic Terrorists; Abbas Amanat: "Empowered Through Violence: The Reinvention of Islamic Extremism"; The Economist: "Martyrdom and Murder" 4. Female Oppression; Nicolas D. Kristof: "Girls for Sale"; Azar Nafisi: Islamic Fundamentalism: Women's Rights Denied 5. Enlargement of the European Union; Bertie Ahern, "Enlargement Is About Opening Minds as Well as Borders"