Born of unquenchable curiosity, fueled by astounding technology, the exploration of space is one of humankind's definitive achievements. As history, it offers real-life drama no fiction can match-a multigenerational global saga filled with vivid and eccentric personalities, high stakes politics, bold scientific leaps, and legend-in-the-making tales of courage, heartbreak, failure, and triumph.
Volume 1 Preface Foreword Acknowledgments About the Editors Encyclopedia Purpose, Structure, and Standards Using This Encyclopedia Space History Space Historiography Astrophysics and Planetary Science Astrobiology Planetary Protection Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Astrophysics High-Energy Astrophysics ANS, Astronomical Netherlands Satellite Ariel 5 ASCA, Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics BeppoSAX, Satellite per Astronomia X Chandra X-ray Observatory Compton Gamma Ray Observatory COS B EXOSAT,European X-ray Observatory Satellite Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Granat HETE 2,High Energy Transient Explorer 2 High Energy Astronomy Observatory Program INTEGRAL, International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory Japanese High-energy Satellites ROSAT, Röntgen Satellite RXTE,Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer SAS 2 and 3,Small Astronomy Satellites 2 and 3 Swift Uhuru Vela 5 XMM-Newton,X-ray Multi-Mirror Newton Low-Energy Astrophysics CHIPS, Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer COBE, Cosmic Background Explorer Copernicus EUVE,Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer FUSE, Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer GALEX,Galaxy Evolution Explorer Gravity Probes A and B HALCA,Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy Hipparcos Hubble Space Telescope IRAS,Infrared Astronomical Satellite ISO,Infrared Space Observatory IUE,International Ultraviolet Explorer MOST,Microvariability and Oscillation of Stars SpitzerSpace Telescope SWAS,Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite WIRE,Wide Field Infrared Explorer WMAP,Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Planetary Science Asteroids Hayabusa NEAR Shoemaker, Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Comets Deep Impact Halley's Comet Exploration Rosetta Stardust Earth Magnetosphere and Ionosphere Cluster Double Star Early Explorer Spacecraft European Space Research Organisation Scientific Satellite Program EXOS FAST, Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer IMAGE,Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration Interball International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative International Sun-Earth Explorer Ørsted SAMPEX, Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer Soviet Magnetosphere and Ionosphere Missions THEMIS, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms TIMED, Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics Earth Science ATLAS, Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science Atmospheric Science and Climate Research CHAMP, Challenging Minisatellite Payload Earth Observing System (EOS) Earth System Science Pathfinder Elektron EO 1,Earth Observing 1 ERBS,Earth Radiation Budget Satellite Explorer International Geophysical Year Japanese Land Observation Missions LAGEOS 1 and 2, Laser Geodynamics Satellites Midori I and II and QuikSCAT Momo 1 Ocean Remote Sensing Okean Proba, Project for On-Board Autonomy Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Space Geodesy TOMS-EP, Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer-Earth Probe TRMM, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission UARS, Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite V-2 Experiments World Geodetic System Exoplanets Jupiter Galileo Lunar Science Apollo Science Chang'e 1 Clementine Kaguya Luna Lunar Orbiter Lunar Prospector Ranger Surveyor SMART 1, Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology 1 Mars Early Mariners to Mars Mariner 8 and 9 Mars Exploration Rovers Mars Express Mars Global Surveyor Mars Odyssey Mars Pathfinder Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Phoenix Mars Lander Soviet Mars Program Viking Viking Biology Mercury Micrometeorite Study Missions Multi-Planet Missions Mariner 10 Pioneer Pioneer 10 and 11 Voyager Neptune Pluto and Kuiper Belt Objects Saturn Cassini-Huygens Uranus Venus Early Mariners to Venus Early Soviet Venus Program Magellan Pioneer Venus Vega Venera 9–16 Venus Express Scientific Detectors Sun ACE, Advanced Composition Explorer Genesis Helios Hinode Interplanetary Monitoring Platform Program OSO, Orbiting Solar Observatory RHESSI, Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager Skylab Solar Science SOHO, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Solar Irradiance Missions Solar Maximum Mission SolRad Program Spartan 201 STEREO, Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory TRACE, Transition Region and Coronal Explorer Ulysses Yohkoh Space Science Organizations AURA, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Goddard Space Flight Center International Astronomical Union Jet Propulsion Laboratory Civilian and Commercial Space Applications Civilian Space Applications Civilian Meteorological Spacecraft Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) Satellites EUMETSAT Feng Yun Geostationary Meteorological Satellite Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites Meteor Meteosat National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nimbus NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polar Orbiting Satellites NPOESS, National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Tiros United States National Weather Service Civilian Remote Sensing Application Explorer Missions Chinese Remote Sensing Satellites Civilian Ocean Surface Topography Missions Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Data Center European Remote Sensing Program Indian Remote Sensing Satellites Landsat National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Radarsat Resurs-DK Resurs-F Resurs-O Seasat SPOT, Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre Civilian Space Communications Applications Technology Satellites Echo 1 EDUSAT Federal Communications Commission Indian National Satellite Program International Telecommunication Union Intersputnik Molniya Search and Rescue Symphonie Syncom TDRSS, Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System Commercial Space Applications Burial Services Centers for the Commercial Development of Space Commercial Navigation Commercial Remote Sensing Private Remote Sensing Corporations Remote Sensing Value-added Sector Commercial Satellite Communications Amateur Communications Satellites American Private Communications Satellites Arabsat Canadian Communications Satellites Direct Broadcast Satellites European Communications Satellites Inmarsat Intelsat Mobile Communications Satellite Services Regional Satellite Communications Operators Satellite Radio Commercial Space Launch United States Department of Transportation Space Insurance Space Resources Space Solar Power United States Department of Commerce Space Business Aérospatiale Alcatel Alenia Space American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) Company Arianespace BAE Systems Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation Boeing Company Com Dev International Comsat Corporation Douglas Aircraft Company EOSAT, Earth Observation Satellite Company European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) Eutelsat General Dynamics Corporation Grumman Corporation Hughes Aircraft Company Iridium Lockheed Corporation Lockheed Martin Corporation Martin Marietta Corporation Matra Marconi Space MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. McDonnell Company McDonnell-Douglas Corporation Mitsubishi Heavy Industries North American Rockwell Corporation Orbital Sciences Corporation PanAmSat Corporation Radio Corporation of America (RCA) SES Sea Launch Company Space Systems/Loral SPACEHAB, Incorporated Telesat Canada TRW Corporation United Space Alliance, LLC Human Spaceflight and Microgravity Science Biomedical Science and Technology Aerospace Medicine Astronaut Training Closed Loop Ecological System Environmental Control and Life Support System Extravehicular Activity Space Food Space Suit Human Spaceflight Centers Cosmonaut Training Center Johnson Space Center Kennedy Space Center Marshall Space Flight Center Mission Control Center Human Spaceflight Programs Almaz Apollo Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Constellation Gemini International Space Station Manned Maneuvering Unit Mercury Mir Progress Salyut Shenzhou Shuttle-Mir Skylab Soviet Manned Lunar Program Soyuz Space Shuttle Space Station Freedom Spacelab Tourism Voskhod Vostok Microgravity Science Bion Industrial Space Facility Microgravity Biology Experiments Microgravity Fluids Research Microgravity Materials Research Shuttle Small Payloads Project United States Biosatellite Program Spaceflight Passengers Animals in Space Astronauts Cosmonauts Disasters in Human Spaceflight Educator-astronaut International Astronauts and Guest Flights Women Astronauts Abbreviations 737 Units 739 Index Volume 2 About the Editors Military Applications Antisatellite Systems Air-Launched Miniature Vehicle Dyna-Soar High-Altitude Nuclear Tests Kinetic Energy Antisatellite MIRACL, Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser Program 437 Program 505 Mudflap Raketoplan and Spiral Soviet Antisatellite System Ballistic Missiles and Defenses Antiballistic Missile Systems Ballistic Missiles Fractional Orbital Bombardment System Strategic Defense Initiative Doctrine and Warfare First Gulf War Military Space Doctrine Second Gulf War Early Warning Ballistic Missile Early Warning System Defense Support Program Missile Defense Alarm System Oko Space-Based Infrared System Electronic Intelligence GRAB Russian Signals Intelligence Satellites United States Signals Intelligence White Cloud Military Communications Advent Courier Defense Satellite Communications System Fleet Satellite Communications System Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program Lincoln Experimental Satellites Milstar NATO Communications Satellites Satellite Data System SCORE, Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment Skynet Soviet and Russian Military Communications Satellites Tactical Communications Satellite Ultrahigh Frequency Follow-On System West Ford Wideband Global System Military Experimental Satellites Military Geodetic Satellites Military Institutions The Aerospace Corporation Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory MITRE Corporation National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency North American Aerospace Defense Command RAND Corporation Russian Space Forces Russian Space Launch Centers United States Air Force United States Air Force Satellite Control Facility United States Army United States Department of Defense United States Navy Vandenberg Air Force Base White Sands Missile Range Navigation Department of Defense Gravity Experiment Global Navigation Satellite System Global Positioning System Transit Tsiklon Planetary Defense Reconnaissance and Surveillance Blue Gemini Corona Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Helios KH-9 Hexagon KH-11 Kennan Lacrosse Manned Orbiting Laboratory Nuclear Detection Russian Imaging Reconnaissance Satellites Russian Naval Reconnaissance Satellites Samos SAR-Lupe Space Surveillance Space and Society Economics of Space Economics of Human Spaceflight Economics of Space Communications Economics of Space Navigation Economics of Space Reconnaissance and Remote Sensing Economics of Space Science Economics of Space Technology Research and Development Economics of Space Transportation Education Careers International Space University Space Camps Space Museums and Science Centers Universities Future Studies Lunar Colonization Mars Mission Studies Government Space Organizations European Space Agency European Space Research Organisation European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organisation Interkosmos National Aeronautics and Space Administration Rocket and Space Corporation Energia Russian Federal Space Agency United Nations (UN) Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Media and Popular Culture Conspiracy Theories Effect of Sputnik Literary Foundation of the Space Age News Media Coverage Popularization of Space Science Fiction Space and the Environment Space Art Space Memorabilia Space Music World Wide Web Nations Australia Brazil Canada China Europe France Germany India Israel Italy Japan Russia (Formerly the Soviet Union) United Kingdom United States Space Advocacy Groups American Astronautical Society American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics American Rocket Society British Interplanetary Society International Academy of Astronautics International Astronautical Federation National Space Society Planetary Society Russian Early Rocketry Space Generation Advisory Council Verein für Raumschiffahrt Space Law Agreement on Rescue of Astronauts Antiballistic Missile Treaty Convention on International Liability Moon Treaty Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Outer Space Treaty Registration Convention Space Ethics Space Politics Economics and Technology in Space Policy Critiques of Spaceflight Military Space Policy Politics of Prestige Space Debris Space Industrial Policy Space Navigation Policy Space Science Policy Space Telecommunications Policy Space Transportation Policy Technology and Engineering Expendable Launch Vehicles and Upper Stages Agena Ariane Atlas Centaur Delta Diamant Europa Indian Launch Vehicles Inertial Upper Stage Japanese Launch Vehicles Long March Pegasus Redstone Russian Launch Vehicles Saturn Launch Vehicles Scout Sounding Rockets Titan V-2 Vanguard Vega Upper Stage Viking Sounding Rocket Hypersonic and Reusable Vehicles Buran Delta Clipper Entrepreneurial Reusable Launch Vehicles Hermes National Aero-Space Plane SpaceShipOne X-15 X-23A X-33 X-38 Crew Return Vehicle Rocket Pioneers and Spaceflight Visionaries Korolev, Sergei Von Braun, Wernher Spacecraft Deep Space Probes Earth Orbiting Robotic Spacecraft Kosmos Landing Craft Rovers Space Stations Sputnik Subsystems and Techniques Attitude Control Command and Control Communications Electrical Power Flight Software Guidance and Navigation Liquid Propulsion Nuclear Power and Propulsion Orbital Mechanics Solid Propulsion Space Elevator Spacecraft Charging Systems Engineering Systems Management Telerobotics Thermal Control Technology Infrastructure and Institutions Ames Research Center Deep Space Network Glenn Research Center Khrunichev Center Langley Research Center Launch Facilities Russian Flight Control Centers Abbreviations Acronyms Glossary Units Index
Stephen B. Johnson, PhD, is associate research professor in the National Institute for Science, Space, and Security Centers at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, and is currently assigned to NASA Marshall Space Flight Center for the Ares I Project and Constellation Program. Timothy M. Chamberlin is design editor for the Tulsa World newspaper in Tulsa, OK. Michael L. Ciancone is an engineer at the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX, where he provides technical support on human spaceflight safety to the Constellation Program. David Leverington, PhD, now retired, is a writer on the history of astronomy and space research. Katherine Scott Sturdevant, MA and PhD candidate, is professor of history at Pikes Peak Community College in Colorado Springs, CO. Rick W. Sturdevant, PhD, is deputy director of history at Headquarters Air Force Space Command, Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, CO.
"Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia can be highly recommended. Its broad synthesis is remarkable and addresses many topics never before presented in English. Its production reflects the highest professional standards, from organization, content selection, research, and writing to final publication. Editors and authors alike can share credit in this splendid achievement." - Isis "As a seminal work, this will be of use to almost any library. Major users, however, will be young adults and students looking for a place to start in understanding the important relationship of modern space exploration to humanity. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-level undergraduates and above; general readers." - Choice "While there is a fair amount of overlap between this work and the recently reviewed Spaceflight: A Historical Encyclopedia (3 vols., Greenwood), Johnson examines social aspects of voyages to other worlds, whereas Spaceflight focuses on technical/scientific details. Not a question of either/or, but both, if budgets allow, as these twin sets are highly recommended for all public and academic libraries." - Library Journal "...fills a void in the existing literature and will find a home in public, university, government, and corporate libraries and be a valuable reference for those who use it." - Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly
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