Table of Contents

1. Toward a Definition of Surgical Research.- 2. The Ideal of Surgical Research: From the Bedside to the Laboratory and Back.- 3. Developing New Knowledge in Community Practice.- 4. Selected Historical Perspectives on the Evolution of Surgical Science.- 5. Surgeons Who Have Won the Nobel Prize.- 6. The Historical Evolution of Clinical Research.- 7. Appraising New Information.- 8. How I Read and Assess a Scientific Paper.- 9. Publications Do Not Always Reflect the Real World.- 10. Computer-Based Literature Searches.- 11. Facing the Blank Page/Screen.- 12. Getting Your Abstract on the Program.- 13. Writing a Scientific Paper.- 14. Where Should You Publish Your Paper.- 15. What to Do When You Are Asked to Write a Chapter.- 16. Organizing Your Reference Material.- 17. Reviewing Books and Refereeing Scientific Papers.- 18. The 10-Minute Presentation.- 19. Asking and Responding to Questions.- 20. The Longer Talk.- 21. Slides, Transparencies, and Videos.- 22. Chairing a Session.- 23. Organizing Meetings, Panels, Seminars, and Consensus Conferences.- 24. Speaking at International Meetings: Surviving on the Road.- 25. Turning Clinical Problems into Research Studies.- 26. Clinical Trials.- 27. Multicenter Collaborative Clinical Trials.- 28. Selected Nonexperimental Methods: An Orientation.- 29. Qualitative Research.- 30. Estimating Risk and Prognosis.- 31. Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value.- 32. Scaling, Scoring, and Staging.- 33. Surgical Examples of Scoring Systems.- 34. Developing a Measuring Instrument.- 35. How to Choose a Relevant Endpoint.- 36. Introductory Biostatistics Texts: Selected Annotated Bibliography.- 37. A Surgeon’s Guide to Biostatistical Inferences: How to Avoid Pitfalls.- 38. Systematically Reviewing Previous Work.- 39. Statistical Consultationin Clinical Research: A Two-Way Street.- 40. Formulating an Initial Research Plan.- 41. Ten Tips on Preparing Research Proposals.- 42. Funding Research in North America: The United States.- 43. Funding Research in North America: Canada.- 44. Applying for Funding from the NIH: A Useful Paradigm for Most Applications.- 45. What a Grant Review Committee Looks for.- 46. Funding Research in Europe.- 47. From Concept to Clinical Reality: Implementing Pancreatic Transplantation.- 48. Animal Experimentation.- 49. The Isolated Organ in Research.- 50. Computer Models.- 51. The Operating Room as a Laboratory.- 52. Research in the Intensive Care Unit.- 53. Research in Surgical Education.- 54. The Nature of Surgical Research: Phenomenology to Molecular Biology and Back.- 55. Outcome: Definition and Methods of Evaluation.- 56. Quality Improvement: Applying Outcomes Analysis to Patient Care.- 57. Health Services Research.- 58. Decision Analysis, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysisin Surgical Research.- 59. Technology Assessment.- 60. Ethical Principles in Research.- 61. Scientific Integrity: Dealing with Scientific Fraud.- 62. Pentathlete: The Many Roles of an Academic Surgeon.- 63. The Clinician with a Basic Science Laboratory.- 64. The Academic Surgeon as Administrator.- 65. Surgical Research around the World.- 66. International Exchange for Surgical Education.- 67. Survival Essentials for the Surgeon-Scientist in Training.- 68. Future Horizons in Surgical Research.- About the Editors.

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"...provides one of the most complete introductions that I have seen on the practical conduct of clinical and scientific investigations ...the investigative processes it describes are common to all the clinical sciences. The beginning clinician-scientist in any field will find much of value here." - The New England Journal of Medicine, on the Second Edition.