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Table of Contents

1. Introduction.- 2. Anatomy.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Embryology.- 2.3. Structure.- 2.4. Description.- 2.5. Relation to Vascular and Nervous Structures.- 2.6. Branches.- 3. Congenital Abnormalities.- 3.1. Duplication.- 3.2. Tortuosity and Kinking.- 3.3. Persistent Primitive Arteries.- 3.4. Branches.- 4. Wall Lesions.- 4.1. Atherosclerosis.- 4.2. Dissection.- 4.3. Fibromuscular Dysplasia.- 4.4. Unusual Lesions of the V.A..- 5. Arteriovenous Malformations.- 5.1. Spontaneous Vertebro-vertebral Fistulas.- 5.2. Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistulas.- 5.3. Congenital Regional Arteriovenous Malformation or Angiodysplasia.- 6. Tumor.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Relation to the V.A..- 6.3. Location of Tumors Involving the V.A..- 6.4. External Compression.- 6.5. Histology of Tumors Involving the V.A..- 7. External Compression.- 7.1. Second Portion.- 7.2. First Portion.- 7.3. Third Portion.- 8. Trauma.- 8.1. Modality.- 8.2. Mechanism.- 8.3. Level of Injury.- 8.4. Onset of Symptoms.- 9. Infancy and Childhood.- 9.1. Traumatic Lesions in the Newborn.- 9.2. Traumatic Lesions in Childhood.- 9.3. Congenital Arteriovenous Fistula.- 10. Pathophysiology.- 10.1. V. A. Preservation.- 10.2. Prevention of Ischemic Events.- 11. Pre-operative Investigations.- 11.1. Morphologic Exams.- 11.2. Functional Examinations.- 11.3. Interventional Radiology.- 11.4. Management of Pre-operative Investigations.- 12. Approach to the Cervical V. A..- 12.1. Historical Background.- 12.2. General Principles.- 12.3. Surgical Routes.- 12.4. Discussion of Surgical Approaches.- 12.5. Surgical Competence.- 13. Techniques of V. A. Surgery.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. Wall Lesions.- 13.3. Arteriovenous Malformations.- 13.4. Tumor.- 13.5. External Compression.- 13.6. Intraoperative Embolization.- 14. Personal Experience.- 14.1. Wall Lesions.- 14.2. Distal Revascularization.- 14.3. Arteriovenous Malformations.- 14.4. Tumor.- 14.5. External Compression.- 14.6. Trauma.- 14.7. V. A. Surgery and Interventional Radiology.- 15. Conclusion.- References.