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Table of Contents

1 Respiratory Gas Tensions in the Environment.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Natural Variations in Environmental Gas Tensions.- 3 Animals in Secluded Environments: Impact on Ambient Gas Tensions.- 4 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Modeling of Gas Exchange in Lungs, Gills and Skin.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Gas Exchange in Steady State.- 3 Gas Exchange in Unsteady State.- References.- 3 Recent Advances and Trends in the Comparative Morphometry of Vertebrate Gas Exchange Organs.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Models.- 3 Methods.- 4 Skin.- 5 Fish Gills.- 6 Lungs.- 7 Symmorphosis Revisited.- 8 Summary and Perspectives.- References.- 4 Morphometric Analysis of Tissue Capillary Supply.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Practical Considerations.- 3 0- and 1-D Indices.- 4 Linear Analyses.- 5 Planar Analyses.- 6 The Role of Capillaries in Oxygen Transport to Tissue.- References.- 5 Hemoglobin Physiology in Vertebrate Animals: a Cautionary Approach to Adaptationist Thinking.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Universal Patterns of Organization in Hemoglobin Structure.- 3 Pitfalls for Molecular Adaptationists.- 4 Hemoglobin Multiplicity and Polymorphism.- 5 Purpose and Design for Optimizing Strategies.- 6 Non-Standard Oxygen-Binding Curves.- 7 The Environment-Organism Problem.- 8 Fine Tuning to Meet Specific Environmental Challenge or Non-Adaptive OEC?.- 9 Hemoglobin Ontogeny and the Functionalist/Structuralist Dichotomy.- 10 Conclusions.- References.- 6 Kinetics of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Oxygen Exchange.- 3 Carbon Dioxide Exchange.- References.- 7 Acid-Base Regulation: Interrelationships Between Gaseous and Ionic Exchange.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Equilibria Between Gaseous and Nonvolatile Components of Buffer Systems.- 3 Transfer from the Site of Production to the Site of Elimination.- 4 Elimination ofAmmonia and CO2 from the Body Fluids.- 5 Accumulation of Volatile Metabolic End Products.- 6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Control and Co-Ordination of Gas Exchange in Water Breathers.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Oxygen Transfer.- 3 Carbon Dioxide Transfer.- 4 Ammonia Transfer.- 5 Interactions Between Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia Excretion.- 6 Sites of Control of Gas Transfer.- 7 Control Systems.- 8 Gill Diffusing Capacity.- 9 Blood Flow.- References.- 9 Control and Co-Ordination of Gas Exchange in Bimodal Breathers.- 1 Introduction to Bimodal Systems.- 2 Structural Adaptations for Bimodal Gas Exchange.- 3 Respiratory Gas Transfer.- 4 Co-Ordination of Aquatic and Aerial Breathing.- 5 Diving: Alternate Storage and Utilization of Oxygen.- 6 Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships in Bimodal Systems.- 7 Regulation of Dual Gas Transfer Systems.- 8 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 10 Control and Co-Ordination of Gas Exchange in Air Breathers.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Central Rhythm Generators.- 3 Feedforward and Feedback Control.- 4 Homeostatic Regulation.- References.