FOREWORD IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XI NOTE TO THE READER XIII ABBREVIATIONS XV CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES XIX LIST OF MAPS XXIV INTRODUCTION XXV PA RT I CULTUR A L F LOW F ROM GR E ECE TO J A PAN: CENT R E S , CARRIERS AND TRACKS 1 THE DEVELOPMENT AND SPREAD OF GREEK CULTURE UNTIL 3 2 3 B.C 3 1.1 Historical background 3 1.2 The rise of Greek culture to its Golden Age 6 1.3 Early colonization and contacts with the East 27 1.3.1 Italy and Sicily 30 1.3.2 The countries of the Black Sea 40 1.3.3 Early routes and contacts with the East 50 2 ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE HERITAGE OF HELLENISM IN THE MIDDL E EAST AND INDIA 59 2.1 The conquests of Alexander 59 2.2 The Hellenistic culture in Greece 64 2.2.1 General 64 2.2.2 Preoccupation with fortune 65 2.2.3 Realism and emotional expression 76 2.3 Persia and Parthia 85 2.4 Bactria and North India 93 3 THE ROMAN WORLD AND THE EAST 107 3.1 Rome as a centre of Hellenistic culture 107 3.2 Attempts at direct contact between Rome and China 110 3.3 The Silk Road 118 3.4 The sea-route 123 3.5 Roman objects found in Central Asia and the Far East 127 3.6 The Indo-Parthians and the Kushans 136 3.7 The East Roman Empire 148 4 BUDDHISM AND TRADE : THE VEHICLES OF CLASSICAL CULTURE 155 4.1 Buddhism in India 155 4.2 Merging of western culture with Buddhism: Gandhara 158 4.3 The spread of Buddhism 160 4.3.1 Bactria and Central Asia 160 4.3.2 China 164 4.3.3 Korea and Japan 175 4.4 The role of monks and merchants 184 PA RT I I CULTUR A L F LOW F ROM GR E ECE TO J A PAN: IMAGE S , DECORAT I V E PATT E R N S , MOT I F S 5 SOME REMARKS ON CONVERGENC E , TRANSFER AND ACCEPTANCE 199 6 GODS AND HEROES 207 6.1 Boreas and Fujin 207 6.2 Herakles and Nio 217 6.3 The Hermes-complex: Daikokuten and Bishamonten 229 6.4 Tyche and Koshimojin 239 6.5 Atlas 246 7 AIRBORNE DEITIES 257 8 HUMAN FIGURES 301 8.1 Features of the human body 301 8.2 The Buddha image 316 8.3 The boy motif 326 9 PEGASOS 341 10 THE FISH-TAILED DRAGON 373 11 THE FACE OF THE MONSTER 393 11.1 The Gorgoneion and its ancestors 394 11.2 The kirttimukha of India 407 11.3 The monsterfaces of China 414 11.4 The changing face of the monster in China 431 11.5 The kwi-wa of Korea 439 11.6 Intermediate summary and considerations a439 11.7 Monsterfaces of Japan 445 11.8 Conclusions 456 12 DIONYSIAN MOTIFS 459 12.1 Grapes 459 12.2 The drinking panther 490 13 FOLIAGE AND FLORAL MOTIFS 503 14 conclusions 553 NOTES 561 GLOSSARY 597 BIBLIOGRAPHY 665 SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS 723 INDEX 743
Pieter Arts was awarded his PhD by the University of Leiden, the Netherlands, for his study of the material culture of Korea and Japan. He has published several books and articles on Japanese art.
"This is not a book that can be ignored by any lover of the history of art and significance of images, both for its lavish illustration and its message." Prof. Sir John Boardman, Beazley Archive, Oxford - "This book enables one to trace the origins of certain stylistic features and to identify specific stylistic elements. One would like to read this book not only once, but one would like to have it in one's library as a reference tool." Prof. Adele Schlombs, Director of the Museum of East Asian Art, Cologne
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