Table of Contents

Foreword

Table of Cases

Introduction

1. Unilateral Reactions within the Multilateral WTO Context: the Case of WTO Trade Remedies

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Limiting Unilateralism in International Relations: from Coexistence through

Cooperation towards a Global Community

1.3. The Evolving Idea of Cooperation in the International Economic Context

1.4. The WTO and the Financial Crisis

1.5. Ubi Societas Ibi Ius: the Role of International Economic Law in the

International Society

1.6. Dispute Settlement Systems and Unilateral Reactions

2. The Relationship between Public International Law and WTO Law

2.1. WTO Law and Public International Law

2.2. The Applicability of Public International Law in the WTO Context

2.3. The Risk of Fragmentation of Public International Law

2.4. The Reciprocal Influence of WTO Law and Public International Law

2.5. The Concept of Self-Help in Public International Law

2.6. The Place and Role of WTO Trade Remedies: Particular Forms of Self-Help

or Sui Generis Measures?

2.7. Self-Help Measures and WTO Trade Remedies

2.8. A Delegation of Powers by the WTO Legal System to the Member States

2.9. Judicial Control over the Correct Use of Trade Remedies

3. Trade Remedies in WTO and Public International Law

3.1. Political and Economic Rationale of Trade Remedies

3.2. A Brief History of Trade Remedies Negotiations

3.2.1 Antidumping Measures

3.2.2. Safeguard Measures

3.2.3. Countervailing Measures

3.3. The Structure of Trade Remedies

3.3.1. The Act

3.3.1.1. Subsidies

3.3.1.2. Increased Imports

3.3.1.3. Dumping

3.3.2. Injury and the Injured State

3.3.3. Causality

3.4. Trade Remedies Principles

3.4.1. Non-Mandatory

3.4.2. Specificity

3.4.3. Reversibility and Temporary Limits

3.4.4. Consultation before Adoption

3.4.5. Non-Reparation

3.4.6. Pre-emptive Use of Trade Remedies

3.4.7. Proportionality

3.4.7.1. Proportionality in the WTO Context

Final Remarks

Bibliography

Index

About the Author

Roberto Soprano is Visiting Professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Brussels Diplomatic Academy in Belgium.