Table of Contents

The Western Humanities, 5/e
Preface
Introduction: Why Study Cultural History?
A Humanities Primer: How to Understand the Arts
Chapter 1
PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
Prehistory and Early Cultures
The Civilizations of the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley: Mesopotamia
The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms
The Cradle of Civilization
Writing
Religion
Literature
Personal Perspective: ''A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son''
Law
Art and Architecture
The Civilization of the Nile River Valley: Egypt
Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years
A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values
Religion
Writing and Literature
Personal Perspective: ''The Instruction of Amenemope''
Architecture
Sculpture, Painting, and Minor Arts
Heirs to the Mesopotamian and Egyptian Empires
The Legacy of Early Near Eastern Civilizations
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 1 Highlights

Windows on the World: 5000 - 500 B.C. Chapter 2
AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS: THE MINOANS, THE MYCENAEANS, AND THE GREEKS OF THE ARCHAIC AGEPrelude: Minoan Civilization, 3000 - 1300 B.C.
Beginnings: Mycenaean Civilization, 1900 - 1100 B.C.
Interlude: The Dark Ages, 1100 - 800 B.C.
The Archaic Age, 800 - 479 B.C.
Political, Economic, and Social Structures
The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens
The Persian Wars
The Emergence of Greek Genius: The Mastery of Form
Religion
Epic Poetry
Personal Perspective: Sappho, ''He Seems to Be a God''; Alcaeus, ''Longing for Home and Drinking Song''
Lyric Poetry
Natural Philosophy
Architecture
Sculpture
The Legacy of Archaic Greek Civilization
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 2 Highlights
Chapter 3
CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENIC AGE General Characteristics of Hellenic Civilization
Domestic and Foreign Affairs: War, Peace, and the Triumph of Macedonia
The Perfection of the Tradition: The Glory of Hellenic Greece
Theater: Tragedy
Features of the Greek Theater
Encounter: The Representation of Blacks in Greek Art
Tragic Drama
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
Theater: Comedy
Music
History
Natural Philosophy
The Pre-Socratics
The Sophists
The Socratic Revolution
Plato
Aristotle
Architecture
Sanctuaries
The Temple: The Perfection of the Form
Personal Perspective: Xenophon, ''Secrets of a Successful Marriage''
Sculpture
The Legacy of Hellenic Civilization
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 3 Highlights

Windows on the World: 500 - 300 B.C.

Chapter 4
CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENISTIC AGE The Stages of Hellenistic History
The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States
The Arrival and Triumph of Rome
The Cities of Hellenistic Civilization
Pergamum
Alexandria in Egypt
Personal Perspective: Theocritus, ''Getting to the Concert on Time''
The Elaboration of the Greek Tradition: The Spread of Classicism to the Hellenistic World
Drama and Literature
Philosophy and Religion
Cynicism
Skepticism
Epicureanism
Stoicism
Fate and the Mystery Cults
Architecture
The Corinthian Temple
The Altar
Sculpture
Rhodes: Late Hellenistic Style
The Legacy of the Hellenistic World
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 4 Highlights
Chapter 5
ROMAN CIVILIZATION: THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CENTURIES The Colossus of the Mediterranean World
General Characteristics of Roman Civilization
The Etruscan and Greek Connections
Rome in the Age of Kings, 753-509 B.C.
The Roman Republic, 509-31 B.C.
The Early Republic, 509-264 B.C.
The Middle Republic, 264-133 B.C.
The Late Republic, 133-31 B.C.
Growing Autocracy: Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.-A.D. 284
Pax Romana, 31 B.C.-A.D. 193
Civil Wars, A.D. 193-284
The Style of Pre-Christian Rome: From Greek Imitation to Roman Grandeur
Roman Religion
Language, Literature, and Drama
The First Literary Period, 250-31 B.C.
The Second Literary Period: The Golden Age, 31 B.C.-A.D. 14-200
Personal Perspective: Marcus, Son of Cicero, ''Changing My Ways''
The Third Literary Period: The Silver Age, A.D. 14-200
Philosophy
Stoicism
Neo-Platonism
Law
The Visual Arts
Architecture
Encounter: Roman Conquests and Romance Languages
Sculpture
Painting and Mosaics
Music
The Legacy of Pre-Christian Rome
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 5 Highlights

Windows on the World: 300 B.C. - A.D. 500
Chapter 6
JUDAISM AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY Judaism
The People and Their Religion
Egypt, Exodus, and Moses
The Kingdom of Israel
The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period
The Hellenistic and Roman Periods
Societal and Family Relationships
Personal Perspective: Flavius Josephus, ''The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem''
The Bible
Early Jewish Art and Architecture
Christianity
The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament
Christians and Jews
Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies
Christians in the Roman Empire
Personal Perspective: Vibia Perpetua, ''Account of Her Last Days Before Martyrdom''
Early Christian Literature
Early Christian Art
The Legacy of Biblical Judaism and Early Christianity
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 6 Highlights
Chapter 7
THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATE ROME, BYZANTIUM, AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WESTThe Last Days of the Roman Empire
Diocletian’s Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity, 284-395
The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration
Early Christian Developments
Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire, 395-476
Personal Perspective: Paulina, ''Epitaph for Agorius Praetextatus''
The Transition from Classical Humanism to Christian Civilization
Literature, Theology, and History
The Fathers of the Church
Personal Perspective: St. Jerome, ''Secular Education; The Fall of Rome''
Church History
The Visual Arts
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting and Mosaics
Music
The Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Civilization, 476-1453
History of the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Culture: Christianity and Classicism
The Orthodox Religion
Law and History
Architecture and Mosaics
The Early Medieval West
The Early Middle Ages: A Romano-Germanic Christianized World
Religion and Culture in the Early Middle Ages
Christianity: Leadership and Organization
Personal Perspective: Anna Comnena, ''The Arrival of the First Crusade in Constantinople''; Liudprand of Cremona, ''A Mission to the Byzantine Court''
Literature, History, and Learning
Music
Architecture
Painting: Illuminated Manuscripts

The Legacy of Late Rome, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 7 Highlights

Windows on the World: 500-1000
Chapter 8
THE WORLD OF ISLAM, 630-1517Muhammad, The Prophet
Imperial Islam
The Post-Muhammad Years
The Umayyad Dynasty
The Abbasid Dynasty
The Seljuk Turk Empire
Imperial Decline
Islam as Religion
Encounter: An International Community of Scholars
Medieval Islamic Culture
Scholarship
Literature
Poetry
Prose
Art and Architecture
Architecture
Painting
Personal Perspective: Abu’l-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Marketing a Product''
Music
The Legacy of Medieval Islam
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 8 Highlights
Chapter 9
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIESFeudalism
The Feudal System and the Feudal Society
Peasant Life
The Rise of Towns
The Feudal Monarchy
The French Monarchy
The English Monarchy
The Holy Roman Empire
The Papal Monarchy
Medieval Christianity and the Church
Encounter: Pagan Vikings versus Christian Europeans
Christian Beliefs and Practices
Religious Orders and Lay Piety
Personal Perspective: Abelard and Heloise, ''My Sorrow and My Loss''
The Age of Synthesis: Equilibrium Between the Spiritual and the Secular
Learning and Theology
Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism
Peter Abelard
The Rise of the Universities
Intellectual Controversy and Thomas Aquinas
Literature
Monastic and Feudal Writing
Vernacular and Courtly Writing
Dante
Architectur e and Art
Romanesque Churches and Related Arts
Gothic Churches and Related Arts
Early Gothic Style, 1145-1194
High Gothic Style, 1194-1300
Music
The Legacy of the Christian Centuries
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 9 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1000 - 1300
Chapter 10
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: 1300 - 1500 Hard Times Come to Europe
Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War
Depopulation, Rebellion, and Industrialization
The Secular Monarchies
The Papal Monarchy
The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages
Religion
Personal Perspective: Henry Knighton,''Political and Religious Rebels''
Theology, Philosophy, and Science
The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna
Duns Scotus and William of Ockham
Developments in Science
Literature
Northern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccacio
English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer
French Literature: Christine de Pizan
Art and Architecture
Late Gothic Architecture
Late Gothic Sculpture
Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends
Illuminated Manuscripts
The Print
New Trends in Italy: Giotto
Flemish Painting: Jan Van Eyck and Hans Memling
Music
The Legacy of the Late Middle Ages
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestion for Listening
Chapter 10 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1300 - 1500
Chapter 11
THE EARLY RENAISSANCE: RETURN TO CLASSICAL ROOTS, 1400 - 1494 The Renaissance: Schools of Interpretation
Early Renaissance History and Institutions
Italian City-States During the Early Renaissance
Florence, the Center of the Renaissance
The Resurgent Papcy, 1450-1500
The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance
Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling
Personal Perspective: Laura Cereta, ''Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women''
Thought and Philosophy
Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting
Artistic Ideals and Innovations
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting
Music
The Legacy of the Early Renaissance
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestion for Listening
Chapter 11 Highlights
Chapter 12
THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM, 1494 - 1564The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State
The Struggle for Italy, 1494-1529
Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire
Economic Expansion and Social Developments
From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
Literature
Gaspara Stampa
Castiglione
Machiavelli
Painting
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael
The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian
The School of Parma: Parmigianino
Sculpture
Personal Perspective: Giorgio Vasari, ''Michelangelo Has the Last Word''
Architecture
Music
The Legacy of the High Renaissance and Early Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 12 Highlights
Chapter 13
NORTHERN HUMANISM, NORTHERN RENAISSANCE, RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS, AND LATE MANNERISM, 1500 - 1603Northern Humanism
The Northern Renaissance
Northern Renaissance Literature
Michel de Montaigne
William Shakespeare
Northern Renaissance Painting
Albrecht Dürer
Mathias Grunewald
Hieronymus Bosch
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
The Breakup of Christendom: Causes of the Religious Reformations
The Protestant Order
Luther’s Revolt
Luther’s Beliefs
Social and Political Implications of Luther’s Revolt
Personal Perspective: Albrecht Dürer, ''Fears for Luther’s Safety''
The Reforms of John Calvin
The Reform of the English Church
The Counter-Reformation
The Reformed Papacy
New Monastic Orders
The Council of Trent
Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent, 1520-1603
Late Mannerism
Spanish Painting
Spanish Literature
Late Mannerist Painting in Italy: Tintoretto
Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England
The Legacy of Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 13 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1500 - 1600
Chapter 14
THE BAROQUE AGE: GLAMOUR AND GRANDIOSITY, 1600 - 1715Absolutism, Monarchy, and the Balance of Power
France: The Supreme Example of Absolutism
England: From Monarchy to Republic to Limited Monarchy
Warfare in the Baroque Period: Maintaining the Balance of Power
The Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648
Personal Perspective: Louis XIV, ''Reflections on Power''; Duke of Saint-Simon, ''Memoirs''
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1665-1713
The Baroque: Variations on an International Style
The Florid Baroque
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting
The Classical Baroque
Architecture
Painting
The Restrained Baroque
Painting
Architecture
Literature
Baroque Literature in France
Baroque Literature in England
Music
The Legacy of the Baroque Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 14 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1600 - 1700
Chapter 15
THE BAROQUE AGE II: REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT, 1600 - 1715Theories of the Universe before the Scientific Revolution
The Magical and the Practical in the Scientific Revolution
Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton
Nicolas Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
Medicine and Chemistry
The Impact of Science on Philosophy
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
Blaise Pascal
Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific Revolution
Personal Perspective: Suzanne Gaudry, ''A Witch’s Trial''
The Revolution in Political Thought
Natural Law and Divine Right: Grotius and Bossuet
Absolutism and Liberalism: Hobbes and Locke
European Exploration and Expansion
Responses to the Revolutions in Thought
Encounter: The Sinews of Trade
The Spread of Ideas
Impact on the Arts
The Legacy of the Revolutions in Scientific and Political Thought
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 15 Highlights
Chapter 16
THE AGE OF REASON, 1700 - 1789The Enlightenment
The Philosophers and Their Program
Deism
The Encyclopedia
The Physiocrats
The Great Powers During the Age of Reason
Society: Continuity and Change
Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, and Enlightened Despotism
France: The Successors to the Sun King
Great Britain and the Hanoverian Kings
Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe
Cultural Trends in the Eighteenth Century: From Rococo to Neoclassical
The Rococo Style in the Arts
Rococo Painting
Rococo Interiors
The English Response
The Challenge of Neoclassicism
Neoclassical Painting
Neoclassical Architecture
Political Philosophy
Literature
French Writers: The Development of New Forms
Neoclassicism in English Literature
Personal Perspective: Lady Mary Wortley Montague, ''Letter to Wortley, Avignon, 25 March 1744''
The Rise of the Novel
Music
The Legacy of the Age of Reason
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 16 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1700 - 1800
Chapter 17
REVOLUTION, REACTION, AND CULTURAL RESPONSE, 1760 - 1830The Industrial Revolution
Industrialization in England
Classical Economics: The Rationale for Industrialization
Political Revolutions, 1760 - 1815
The American Revolution
The French Revolution
Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution
Reaction, 1815 - 1830
Revolutions in Art and Ideas: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism
Neoclassicism in Literature After 1789
Neoclassical Painting and Architecture After 1789
Romanticism: Its Spirit and Expression
The Romantic Movement in Literature
Romantic Painting
German Idealism
The Birth of Romantic Music
Personal Perspective: Hector Berlioz, ''This Harmonious Revolution''
The Legacy of the Age of Revolution and Reaction
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 17 Highlights
Chapter 18
THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE, 1830 - 1871The Political and Economic Scene: Liberalism and Nationalism
The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik
Limited Reform in France and Great Britain
Wars and Unification in Central Europe
Civil War in the United States
The Spread of Industrialism
Encounter: The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation
Ni neteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy, Religion, and Science
Liberalism Redefined
Socialism
Religion and the Challenge of Science
Personal Perspective: Charlotte Brontë, ''The First World’s Fair''; Hippolyte Taine, ''A Day at the Races, 28 May, 1861''
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
Literature
The Height of French Romanticism
Romanticism in the English Novel
Romanticism in American Literature
Realism in French and English Novels
The Russian Realists
Realism Among African American Writers
Art and Architecture
Neoclassicism and Romanticism After 1830
The Rise of Realism in Art
Photography
Music
The Legacy of the Bourgeois Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 18 Highlights

Windows on the World, 1800 - 1900
Chapter 19
THE AGE OF EARLY MODERNISM, 1871 - 1914Europe’s Rise to World Leadership
The Second Industrial Revolution and the Making of Modern Life
Response to Industrialism: Politics and Crisis
Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West
Personal Perspective: Lady Constance Lytton, ''Paying a Price for the Right to Vote''
Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe
Imperialism and International Relations
The Scramble for Colonies
The Outbreak of World War I
Early Modernism
Philosophy and Psychology
Literature
Naturalistic Literature
Decadence in Literature
Expressionist Literature
The Advance of Science
The Modernist Revolution in Art
Impressionism
Encounter: The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art
Post-Impressionism
Fauvism, Cubism, and Expressionism
New Directions in Sculpture and Architecture
Music: From Impressionism to Jazz
The Legacy of Early Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 19 Highlights
Chapter 20
THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM, 1914 - 1945The Collapse of Old Certainties and the Search for New Values
World War I and Its Aftermath
The Great Depression of the 1930s
The Rise of Totalitarianism
Russian Communism
European Fascism
World War II: Origins and Outcome
Personal Perspective: Elie Wiesel, ''Surviving in a Nazi Death Camp''
The Zenith of Modernism
Experimentation in Literature
The Novel
Poetry
Drama
Philosophy and Science: The End of Certainty
Art, Architecture, and Film
Painting
Abstraction
Primitivism and Fantasy
Expressionism
Architecture
Film
Music: Atonality, Neoclassicism, and an American Idiom
The Legacy of the Age of the Masses and High Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 20 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1900 - 1945
Chapter 21
THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND BEYOND, 1945 - From a European to a World Civilization
The Era of the Superpowers, 1945-1970
Postwar Recovery and the New World Order
The Cold War
Emergence of the Third World
Toward a New Global Order, 1970 and Beyond
National Issues and International Realignment
The Post-Cold War World
The End of Modernism and the Birth of Post-Modernism
Philosophical, Political, and Social Thought
Science and Technology
The Literature of Late Modernism: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama
The Literature of Post-Modernism
Late Modernism and the Arts
Painting
Sculpture
Architecture
Post-Modernism and the Arts
Painting
Sculpture
Installation Art
Video Art
Architecture
Personal Perspective: Yo-Yo Ma, ''A Journey of Discovery''
Late Modern and Post-Modern Music
Performance Art
Mass Culture
A Summing Up
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 21 Highlights

Windows on the World, 1945 -
APPENDIX
Writing for the Humanities: Research Papers and Essay Examinations
GLOSSARY
CREDITS
INDEX