Table of Contents

Preface xi

List of Abbreviations xiii

Part I Wireless Communications Theory 1 1 Historical Sketch of Wireless Communications 3

1.1 Advancement of Wireless Communications Technologies 3

1.2 Wireless Communications, Lifestyles, and Economics 6

References 9

2 Probability Theory 11

2.1 Random Signals 11

2.2 Spectral Density 16

2.3 Correlation Functions 18

2.4 Central Limit Theorem 25

2.5 Problems 28

Reference 30

3 Wireless Channels 31

3.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise 31

3.2 Large ]Scale Path Loss Models 34

3.3 Multipath Channels 38

3.4 Empirical Wireless Channel Models 46

3.5 Problems 48

References 50

4 Optimum Receiver 51

4.1 Decision Theory 51

4.2 Optimum Receiver for AWGN 55

4.3 Matched Filter Receiver 66

4.4 Coherent and Noncoherent Detection 69

4.5 Problems 73

References 74

5 Wireless Channel Impairment Mitigation Techniques 75

5.1 Diversity Techniques 75

5.2 Error Control Coding 82

5.2.1 Linear Block Codes 84

5.2.2 Convolutional Codes 92

5.3 MIMO 99

5.4 Equalization 107

5.5 OFDM 114

5.6 Problems 120

References 121

Part II Wireless Communications Blocks Design 123 6 Error Correction Codes 125

6.1 Turbo Codes 125

6.1.1 Turbo Encoding and Decoding Algorithm 125

6.1.2 Example of Turbo Encoding and Decoding 133

6.1.3 Hardware Implementation of Turbo Encoding and Decoding 149

6.2 Turbo Product Codes 155

6.2.1 Turbo Product Encoding and Decoding Algorithm 155

6.2.2 Example of Turbo Product Encoding and Decoding 156

6.2.3 Hardware Implementation of Turbo Product Encoding and Decoding 174

6.3 Low ]Density Parity Check Codes 175

6.3.1 LDPC Encoding and Decoding Algorithms 175

6.3.2 Example of LDPC Encoding and Decoding 191

6.3.3 Hardware Implementation of LDPC Encoding and Decoding 199

6.4 Problems 205

References 206

7 Orthogonal Frequency ]Division Multiplexing 209

7.1 OFDM System Design 209

7.2 FFT Design 217

7.3 Hardware Implementations of FFT 232

7.4 Problems 237

References 238

8 Multiple Input Multiple Output 239

8.1 MIMO Antenna Design 239

8.2 Space Time Coding 240

8.3 Example of STTC Encoding and Decoding 254

8.4 Spatial Multiplexing and MIMO Detection Algorithms 266

8.5 Problems 276

References 277

9 Channel Estimation and Equalization 279

9.1 Channel Estimation 279

9.2 Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM System 293

9.3 Equalization 295

9.4 Hardware Implementation of Channel Estimation and Equalizer for OFDM System 298

9.5 Problems 298

References 299

10 Synchronization 301

10.1 Fundamental Synchronization Techniques for OFDM System 301

10.2 Synchronization Errors 305

10.3 Synchronization Techniques for OFDM System 310

10.4 Hardware Implementation of OFDM Synchronization 319

10.5 Problems 320

References 321

Part III Wireless Communications Systems Design 323 11 Radio Planning 325

11.1 Radio Planning and Link Budget Analysis 325

11.2 Traffic Engineering 335

11.3 Problems 345

References 347

12 Wireless Communications Systems Design and Considerations 349

12.1 Wireless Communications Systems Design Flow 349

12.2 Wireless Communications Systems Design Considerations 353

12.3 Hardware and Software Codesign 370

12.4 Problems 377

References 378

13 Wireless Communications Blocks Integration 379

13.1 High Level View of Wireless Communications Systems 379

13.2 4G Physical Layer Systems 383

13.2.1 LTE 384

13.2.2 WiMAX 394

13.2.3 Comparison of LTE and WiMAX 400

13.3 SoC Design for 4G Communication System 401

13.3.1 Software Design for 4G Communication System 403

13.3.2 Hardware Design for 4G Communication System 404

13.4 Problems 409

References 410

Index 411

About the Author

Dr Haesik Kim, VTT, Finland
Dr Haesik Kim received the Ph.D. degree in Communication Systems from Lancaster University in UK. He is currently Sr. scientist in VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and is involved in many research works such as energy efficient wireless communications, cognitive radio and network, etc. Previously, he was with NEC Laboratory UK where he carried out research on WiMAX physical layer design and standard. He has also worked at Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) where he focused on UWB and SDR physical layer design and served as system definition group member of WiMedia (MB-OFDM based UWB standard). Prior to that, he worked as ADSL modem developer in SME.