Table of Contents

Preface ix

Acknowledgements xi

Notices xiii

1 Thinking about Chance 1

1.1 Chapter Summary / 1

1.2 Glossary / 3

1.3 Equations / 5

1.4 Examples / 6

1.5 Exercises / 10

2 Describing Populations 13

2.1 Chapter Summary / 13

2.2 Glossary / 16

2.3 Equations / 18

2.4 Examples / 18

2.5 Exercises / 22

3 Examining Samples 24

3.1 Chapter Summary / 24

3.2 Glossary / 27

3.3 Equations / 28

3.4 Examples / 29

3.5 Exercises / 32

4 Univariable Analysis of a Continuous Dependent Variable 36

4.1 Chapter Summary / 36

4.2 Glossary / 37

4.3 Equations / 38

4.4 Examples / 38

4.5 Exercises / 41

5 Univariable Analysis of an Ordinal Dependent Variable 45

5.1 Chapter Summary / 45

5.2 Glossary / 46

5.3 Equations / 47

5.4 Examples / 47

5.5 Exercises / 50

6 Univariable Analysis of a Nominal Dependent Variable 52

6.1 Chapter Summary / 52

6.2 Glossary / 53

6.3 Equations / 54

6.4 Examples / 55

6.5 Exercises / 58

7 Bivariable Analysis of a Continuous Dependent Variable 62

7.1 Chapter Summary / 62

7.2 Glossary / 66

7.3 Equations / 68

7.4 Examples / 69

7.5 Exercises / 77

8 Bivariable Analysis of an Ordinal Dependent Variable 82

8.1 Chapter Summary / 82

8.2 Glossary / 83

8.3 Equations / 84

8.4 Examples / 84

8.5 Exercises / 87

9 Bivariable Analysis of a Nominal Dependent Variable 90

9.1 Chapter Summary / 90

9.2 Glossary / 92

9.3 Equations / 93

9.4 Examples / 94

9.5 Exercises / 100

10 Multivariable Analysis of a Continuous Dependent Variable 105

10.1 Chapter Summary / 105

10.2 Glossary / 108

10.3 Equations / 109

10.4 Examples / 110

10.5 Exercises / 124

11 Multivariable Analysis of an Ordinal Dependent Variable 132

11.1 Chapter Summary / 132

11.2 Glossary / 133

11.3 Equations / 133

11.4 Examples / 134

11.5 Exercises / 137

12 Multivariable Analysis of a Nominal Dependent Variable 141

12.1 Chapter Summary / 141

12.2 Glossary / 144

12.3 Equations / 146

12.4 Examples / 147

12.5 Exercises / 157

13 Selecting Statistical Tests 163

13.1 Overview / 163

13.2 Glossary / 164

13.3 Examples / 165

13.4 Exercises / 171

Appendix A: Flowcharts 177

Appendix B: Statistical Tables 183

Appendix C: Answers to Odd Exercises 219

Index 221

About the Author

Robert P. Hirsch, PhD, is on the faculty for the Foundation for the Advanced Education in the Sciences within the Graduate School at the National Institutes of Health. He is also a retired Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Adjunct Professor of Statistics at The George Washington University. Dr. Hirsch is the author of numerous books in the field of health research and practice.